Landings and laminate flooring stairs
Stairways with landings are used where space is limited. The new laminate flooring stairs are very popular for this type of design. Also, landings are becoming very popular even in homes with ample living space because they make the stairs seem less intimidating and they add a touch of fun. Laminate stair treads make a beautiful long stairway that lasts a long time. They are very durable and quite inexpensive.
Kitchen Personnel And Their Functions
Chef de cuisine (kitchen chef) is responsible for purchase of goods, cost control, setting up the menu, and supervision of personnel and hygiene in the kitchen area. Sous-chef (kitchen chef's assistant) represents the kitchen chef In his absence in a targe organization, he takes over some of the chef's duties, Saucier (sauce cook) prepares all sauces and the meals that go with them, as well as all fish dishes (although in large organizations there is a poissonier) he is responsible for the...
Le Corbusier And The Machine House
Le Corbusier proclaimed in Vers une architecture that the plan is the generator. That is, the plan is the idea of the building, from which all the rest is to be developed, including the elevations and the overall mass of the building. The plan, he averred, has the capacity to reshape a lifestyle, which was exactly the social and political result Le Cor-busier had hoped for in the formation of a modern architecture.
Master the Art of Shower Pan Tiling with These Mortar Application Tips
When it comes to installing a shower pan, choosing the best mortar is crucial for the overall durability and longevity of the bathroom floor. There are different types of mortar available, each with unique properties that suit specific applications. In this guide, we'll discuss the ideal mortar for a shower pan and its benefits.
Type of pencils when extreme accuracy is required
Pencils are one of the most basic and primary drawing tools of the professional designer. There are three basic types of pencils available to a designer for producing quality drawings. The selection is a matter of preference and the particular level of performance needed by the user. The oldest manufactured pencil is of wood with a lead encased inside.
Plumbing Drawings
Plumbing drawings provide all pertinent information on the design of the plumbing system for a project, including line sizes and location, fixture location, isolation valves, storage-tank capacities, hot-water-heater capacities and locations, and drain locations and routing. Plumbing systems involve two major components, water supply and drainage. Water is supplied under pressure through pipes to plumbing fixtures. Drainage works by gravity Drain pipes must slope downward.
Functions of a building
In psychology the term 'function' is defined as 'ability' or 'power'. The dictionary amplifies this definition by adding 'special kind of activity' or 'mode of action'. Various authors have devoted their considerations to the functions of a building. In the 1960s De Bruijn, one of the founders of functional analysis as a discipline at Delft's Faculty of Architecture, distinguished four different functions (Zeeman, 1980) Protective function protection of people and property against harmful...
The Ultimate Guide to Smoke Detector Placement and Best Alarms
Every year, countless lives and properties are saved by smoke detectors, making them a crucial safety device for any home or office. When selecting the best smoke detectors on the market, there are a few key features and specifications to look for to ensure maximum protection. Finally, always choose a smoke detector that is certified by a reputable organization, such as Underwriters Laboratories. Regular maintenance, including monthly testing and battery replacement, is crucial to ensure the ongoing reliability of your smoke detector.
Background On African Indigenous Building Materials
The morpho-genesis of human habitat started inside the cave. Like the Art, the Bee and the Beaver. Man is not contempt with God's earth and he feels oblique to build a better one, more suitable to his exalted majesty. The Art build hills, the Bee makes Hives the Beaver constructs dams man creates architecture. Architecture proposes an effect on the human mind, not merely a service to the human fame. Thus architecture is the art which so disposes and adores the edifice raised by man, for...
Erasers, Erasing Shields, and Brushes for Drawing
To be able to erase errors and correct drawings is very important to the interior designer. Erasability is one of the key advantages of using a pencil or pen for drawings. Erasers, erasing shields, and brushes are convenient tools of almost equal importance. A wide variety of both rubber and synthetic erasers are available. A good eraser must be capable of completely removing pencil or ink lines without leaving smudge marks or roughing the surface of the paper.
Maximum Travel Distance
The maximum permitted travel distance to the nearest exit is specified by code and Occupancy on pages 266 and 274. Travel distance is always measured along the actual path an occupant must take to reach the exit. The International Building Code measures travel distance from the most remote point on a floor to the nearest exit. The National Building Code of Canada also measures travel distance this way, except that travel distance from rooms or suites separated from the rest of the floor and...
Room And Area Requirements
Music facilities can be divided into two general classifications depending upon their function those used for instructional activities and those serving in an auxiliary capacity such as storage areas, workrooms, and offices. A typical large music facility for an institution of higher education will require a wide variety of rooms and work areas. The needs of elementary and secondary schools will probably be somewhat less but will incorporate many ol these functional areas. (See Fig. 1 t,...
Diagrams for light switch wiring for new homes
A good house design plan includes light switch wiring for interior light fixtures and bath fixture lighting. Also kitchen lighting, office lighting, dining room lighting, and family room lights.We'll also talk about 3-way light switches and show wiring diagrams for them and other circuits. Home electrical wiring for lights is easy to install for simple lights that are controlled from one switch. 12-2 Romex is perfect for these types of lighting circuits.
Longitudinal Web Stiffeners
Longitudinal stiffeners, as shown in Fig. 11.13.1, can increase the bending and shear strengths of a plate girder. In general, they are not as effective as transverse stiffeners however, they are frequently desired on highway bridge girders for esthetic reasons. Studies of longitudinal stiffener effectiveness, as related to stiffener size and location, have been made by Cooper 11.18, 11.19 and others at Lehigh University. These studies and others are summarized in the SSRC Guide 6.8, pp....
Bid Exclusions And Conditions
Bidders will sometimes include a short list of exclusions or conditions with their bid proposal. Bid exclusions are parts of the scope of work, either represented in the documents or not, that the general contractor is excluding from his proposal. Conditions are limi tations or modifications that the contractor includes as part of his bid proposal. Sometimes these conditions are not in conflict with the documents. Other times, they can fundamentally alter the intent of the documents. (See the...
Reading Blueprint Plumbing Symbols
These are some of the more advanced blueprint-plumbing-symbols that contractors use for commercial and industrial applications.We'll start off with the simple plumbing fixture descriptions that help us see how things fit into our home. After the fixtures like sinks and baths, we will need to know what kind of plumbing lines to install.
Partial Prestressing
Early in the development of prestressed concrete, the goal of prestressing was the complete elimination of concrete tensile stress at service load. This kind of design, in which the service load tensile stress limit fls 0. is often referred to as full prestressing. While full prestressing offers many advantages over nonprestressed construction, some problems can arise. Heavily prestressed beams, particularly those for which full live load is seldom in place, may have excessively large upward...
Renaissance architectural treatises
Apart from the buildings themselves, the most important source for the study of classical architecture was the treatise De Architectura by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, an architect and engineer who had held a position in the rebuilding of Rome during the reign of Augustus. The treatise was probably written before 27 B.C., and during the first century a.d. it seems already to have been a standard work. The text survived in various manuscripts during the Middle Ages, the oldest of which dates from...
Concrete shower pan made with mortar for shower stalls
Making a concrete shower pan is simple and convenient because you can make it any shape or size that you want. Many homeowners spend a lot of money of shower bases and surrounds, but creating your own is much cheaper and you can take advantage of any extra space making it part of the shower stall. A tile shower consists of the concrete shower base and the cement board on the walls. Once tile and grout are applied the water seal is very tight.
Finish Classes And Test Ratings
Fire-resistance classes become stricter as you move closer to the exit, with the strictest ratings at the exit itself. The Life Safety Code and the Standard Building Code (SBC) use A, B, and C class ratings for wall and ceiling finishes. The National Building Code (NBC), and the Uniform Building Code (UBC) use I, II, and III designations. Classes A, B, and C are wall and ceiling finish classifications based on flame spread and smoke development. Flame spread is the speed at which fire may...
Electrical System Design Process
Engineers start the process of designing electrical systems by estimating the total building electrical power load. They then plan the spaces required for electrical equipment such as transformer rooms, conduit chases, and electrical closets. The amount of energy a building is permitted to consume is governed by building codes. A building energy consumption analysis determines whether the building design will meet the target electrical energy budget. If not, the engineer must modify the...
The Nine Rules for a Good Charrette
The nine rules below form the substantive core of this book. If you remember nothing else, remember these rules. They are easy to understand and easy to remember, yet they represent the collective wisdom and experience of hundreds of individuals who have worked with us over the decades, all struggling hard to come up with a new paradigm for making community planning and design decisions. The nine rules are listed below, followed by a more lengthy discussion of the rationale behind each of them....
Carbon Monoxide Detector Placement: Where to Place CO Alarms in Your Home
Keep your family safe by installing CO alarms near the bedrooms Carbon monoxide alarms save lives. Learn what they do, how to install, and where you should place CO detectors. What is carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is known as the silent killer because it is odorless, tasteless and colorless. It's also toxic, since the gas can prevent your body from properly transporting oxygen.
San Alfonso del Mar - the Largest Pool in the World
San Alfonso del Mar is a resort in Algarrobo, Chile , also known for its world's largest swimming pool according to the Guinness World Records. The resort is owned by a Chilean biochemist and businessman Fernando Fischmann, the head of Crystal Lagoon Corporation the company that designed the gigantic pool. He used the patented technology to harvest, filter and permanently recirculate ocean water .
Proportion In The Renaissance
Alberti took over from Vitruvius the principle that proportion is essential to the beauty of architecture. Indeed, substituting the word beauty for symmetry in Vitruvius's definition of the latter term, he intensified the principle by making proportion identical with beauty. His reverence for number and proportion as the underlying order of the universe was so great that he might have subscribed to the orders expressly because they were ordained with proportions. Consequently, he willingly...
Need the Best Garbage Disposal? The Top 8 You Should Invest
When renovating your home, you must have the best furniture. Not only should they look good, but they also need to be of good use. One of the essentials needed in every home would be the best garbage disposal . After all, where else will you throw your waste So if you're wondering what you need in a garbage disposal and why it's a must-have for your home, then read on as I show you the top eight best ones to choose from The Lowdown on Garbage DisposalsIf you're wondering about what a garbage...
Curved tubular members
Curved roofs may be formed using single-curved tubular members, double-layer members connected periodically, or tubular trusses, as illustrated in the following examples. Table 4.2 Minimum bending radii for common steel sections Joists and Universal Beams x-x axis Channels x-x axis 127 x 64 x 14 kg m 203 x 89 x 29 kg m 254 x 89 x 35 kg m 305 x 102 x 46 kg m All sections up to 432 x 102 x 65 kg m Joists, beams and columns y-y axis All sections up to 1016 x 455 x 488 kg m Castellated and cellular...
Tournus Upper Narthex
The longitudinal barrel vault in the upper narthex at Tournus provides an ideal opportunity to study the construction of the barrel vault, because the stones in these three bays are almost completely exposed (Fig. 65).1 Three distinct steps were used to build the barrel in the central vessel and the two half barrels in the aisles. 1. Masons first constructed transverse arches. It is understandable that they would have used narrow arches to build vaults because, compared with vaults, arches...
Half Circle Helical Ramp Car Park
Fig. 4 Ramp lopes. (Transitions ore required only if romp slope exceeds 10 percent.) occurred leading to a buyers revolt against stretched-out sheet metal, followed by an increase in imports and introduction of domestic compacts Immediately following introduction of United States compacts the car manufacturers began an inching up process until the 05 sq ft compact was 90 sq ft as evidenced in the 1963-1970 shortest car ' indication. During the same period the low-price three' began an active...
Designing The Ceilingfloor Plenum Space
An above-ceiling location is ordinarily best for ductwork, which is often too large and bulky to fit above or within the structural floor, The wiring and ductwork must share the above-ceiling plenum space with lighting fixtures and sprinkler piping.This requires careful planning. Generally the lowest stratum, about 8 in. (200 mm) thick, is reserved for the sprinkler piping and lighting fixtures. Lighting fixture selection plays an important role in determining the thickness of this stratum,...
Isolation from seismic motion
The principle of isolation is simply to provide a discontinuity between two bodies in contact so that the motion of either body, in the direction of the discontinuity, cannot be fully transmitted. The discontinuity consists of a layer between the bodies which has low resistance to shear compared with the bodies themselves. Such discontinuities may be used for isolation from horizontal seismic motions of whole structures, parts of structures, or items of equipment mounted on structures. Because...
Center Lines
Center lines consist of thin (light), broken lines of alternating long and short dashes. They are used to identify the centers of symmetrical objects such as a column, wall, or window. Center lines are also used to indicate the center of a whole circle or part of a circle and to show that an object is symmetrical about a line (Figures 3.5A and B). The symbol is typically drawn as such (C L). Center lines are symmetrical on the axis of circular features and are also used to locate centers of...
The Strength of Earthquakes Magnitude and Intensity
During earthquakes the release of crustal stresses is believed generally to involve the fracturing of the rock along a plane which passes through the point of origin (the hypocentre or focus) of the event (Figure 4.25). Sometimes, especially in larger shallower earthquakes, this rupture plane, called a fault, breaks through to the ground surface, where it is known as a fault trace (Figure 4.41). The cause and nature of earthquakes is the subject of study of the science of seismology, and...
What An Underground House Is Not
Perhaps we should start with what an underground house is not. An underground house is not dark, damp and dirty. It is not airless and gloomy. It is absolutely not a basement. An underground house has no more in common with a basement, Than a penthouse apartment has in common with a hot, dark, dusty attic. A basement is not designed for human habitat. It is a place to put the furnace and store junk. It is constructed to reach below the frost line so that the frost heaves don't crumple the...
Karesansui the dry landscape garden
Celebrated Japanese garden scholar Mirei Shigemor identifies a total of 323 kare-sansui gardens and some 700 pond gardens as particularly significant amongst Japanese gardens He divides the development of the kare-sansui garden into four stages the first, prehistoric stage is equated wiih the huge boulders and rocky outcrops - iwakura and iwasaka venerated as the abodes of gods by early Shinto devotees An example here is Achi Shrine in Kurashiki The second stage corresponds to the Nara and...
Carcass dovetails
Where a side rail is grooved or tenoned into a leg or post as in a framed-up carcass, the shoulders of the two dovetails must be offset moreover in tenoned work the tenon and haunches must be set down by an amount at least equal to the depth of the larger dovetail. Figure 159 1 shows a typical assembly with front rail dovetailed into post and side rail. The side rail and post are assembled first and flushed off, the thickness of the front rail gauged in the post and pencilled in on the side...
Carcass assembly
Final assembly of the various component parts is the culmination of many hours of patient work and should never be hurried. A preliminary assembly in the dry state can be made but only to establish the direction of entry and the exactness of the fit. Dowelled components can be tried with spare dowel-pegs sanded slack (tight dowels should never be used as the suction in a tight hole can hold them immovable), and there can be no objection to fully seating tenons in order to check the shoulders,...
Television Broadcasting Facilities
Television broadcasting facilities range from a tiny station serving a small community to a major network facility with multiple studios and extensive supporting facilities providing programming to hundreds of city and regional markets- Because of the wide variation in requirements, this article will be limited to basic planning considerations plus a brief description of each of the facilities thai may be required. Emphasis is on program origination facilities transmitter installations are...
Securing the Building
In order to address building security issues, the architect and interior designer must look at how people use the building. Most building security problems can be resolved with a combination of common sense and a little technology. Let's look at some common office building situations and their solutions. Ideally, the lobby for an office (Fig. 37-1) should be visible from the reception desk. When the reception area doesn't have a view into the lobby, an intruder might be able to enter the...
Brazils Modernisms
In standard architectural histories, Modernism is a set of precise values, with clearly defined historical limits. For Kenneth Frampton, Modernism's origins lay in the latter part of the nineteenth century, in the various flourishings of Art Nouveau, for example, and the work of William Morris. Modernism came into being in the first two decades of the twentieth century through Le Corbusier and his followers, and the Bauhaus, then passed through the polarized sensibilities of Brutalism and...
The 50 Best Smart Home Products for DIYers: 50 Smart Home Products To Monitor and Automate Your Home The DIY Way
Thanks to advances in technology, software, and automation, smart home tech products make everyone's life easier. Practically everything in your home nowadays can be automated or connected to your tablet or mobile device. This allows you to still feel connected and have complete control over your home, even when you're miles away. In no particular order, here are 50 of the best smart home products for DIYers. 1.
The Top 50 Home Automation Software/Products
Home automation focuses on making homes better, and often safer, through innovative technology. The world has come a long way from relying on home security provided by large corporations operating from remote locations. Today, home automation software and products can determine whether you are home, send you notifications about what is going on at your home, and make you feel more secure and comfortable, without much effort or action on your part.
Occupancy Hazard Classifications
Building codes classify various occupancies according to fire hazard. These classifications are used to determine the design of sprinkler systems. The light hazard classification is used for buildings where it is relatively easy to provide effective fire protection. The quantity and combustibility of the building's contents is considered to be low, and a low rate of heat release is expected from possible fires. Light hazard occupancies include apartments, auditoriums, churches, hospitals,...
Fig 445 Types of sprinkler system layouts
Each sprinkler head, in addition to having the proper coverage area and adequate waterflow, must aim an unobstructed spray in the proper direction. Any object more than 4 in. wide and less than 24 in. from any head, or any shadow that subtends an angle greater than 9.5 behind which no spray can reach, constitutes an obstruction this includes beams, truss struts, soffits, ducts, pipes, light fixtures, columns, signs, curtains, etc. Thus proper sprinkler design requires 3-D visualization of the...
From Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity 1834
Hittorff was rather quickly branded an ''extremist'' for his polychrome views, and he was soon joined in this camp by a young German architect which would eventually make a big name for himself. Gottfried Semper was studying architecture in Paris when Hittorff gave his controversial address, and shortly thereafter he himself began his tour of the South in search of a polychrome discovery. He first traveled to Sicily where, interestingly, he was unable to confirm the ''system'' of Hittorff. The...
Primitive Place Types
The ancient dolmen seems to have been an architectural metaphor for a cave, constructed as a place for the deposition of the remains of the dead. As time has passed the places people use have become more diverse, more sophisticated, and more complex in their interrelationships. Some types of place are ancient the hearth as the place of the fire the altar as a place of sacrifice or a focus for worship the tomb as a place for the dead. Other place types are more recent the airport, the motorway...
The Auditorium
An auditorium should ba dBKignad ao thai tha activities can hti maintained and uperatat* with .< minimum r> I nmr and ifftjor COn& unied in Ihe Fig 4 The intent impiovements n lecoiding equipment and television education have leiulted in lacilities to mike use of those new techniques. College Cumeivaioiy of Music, llmiarsity of Cincinnati, fdwaid J Schutta and As dates, Architects. preparation of an event, In schools, this area is being designed for education, not commercial purposes The...
The Main Cooking Area
The main cooking deportment Is the heart of the kitchen and deserves special care in designing Both meat and vegetables are usually cooked in this area. Serving in table service restaurants may take place from or near this area In other installations, the cooked food is transported a considerable distance to the serving area. In genera), it has been found advisable to cook such items as vegetables in small batches aa close as possible to Iha nerving time, Thia consideration requires lhat at...
Dressing Rooms
When the encircling stage is used with all panels open, wagons are dispensed with and scenery is formalized. If structurally possible, the entire proscenium should be unimpeded by fined columns. However, two columns placed at either side of an imaginary proscenium may be very useful for concealing vertical banks of lights. These light housings (in this case the columns) are called tormentors, and are preferably movable. (See Fig. 3.) Diagram of the encircling stage shows three spaces...
Disposal sewage system
I use the term disposal-sewage-system because most homes now have garbage disposals that empty into the sewage system. Sink disposals contribute a lot to the septic system. Courtesy of Infiltrator Systems Inc. I'll briefly explain how a modern septic system works and the most cost effective approach for installing it. First of all, there are many different kinds of systems in the world, some good systems, and others that aren't so good.
Ten Great Havdalah Spice Boxes
Just as we proclaim the entrance of Shabbat by making Kiddush, we mark the exit with Havdalah which is held after nightfall on Saturday evening. We use three items during the ceremony a cup of wine, a double wicked candle and spices. During Shabbat, we each receive an extra soul, or extra spiritual sensitivity. So, as Shabbat goes away, so does the extra soul, causing us to feel faint. For this reason we smell some spices to comfort our soul at the loss of Shabbat.
De Blas House Sevilla la Nueva Madrid Spain 2000
Total area 243 m2 concrete box , 90 m2 metallic structure , 40,5 m2 glass box . Set on a hill southeast of Madrid facing north, towards the mountains, this house is set on a site-poured reinforced rough concrete box 9 by 27 meters in si A transparent glass box 4.5 by 9 meters and 2.26 meters high, set on the concrete platform is topped with a white 6 by 15-meter steel structure. Set into the earth, t concrete box houses the program of a traditional house with a clear...
Glencoe Visitor Centre Argyll
Architects committed to sustainable design have argued that quantitative assessment methods often and indicators are irreconcilable with the qualitative nature of the design process. Quantitative indicators can lead to reductionism, sometimes to a single digit and reward the measurable at the expense of the important. Few respond to context, so urban, suburban and rural projects are subject to similar rules. Instead, indicators and guidance must encourage and excite design professionals to...
Rooftop Remodelling 221
In both cases, the formal characteristics of a closed figure are negated the geometry of the elements is rectilinear instead of curved the elements come together at sharp angles and through intersecting lines and planes. To describe the design we have to proceed through contradictions. While the overall figure approximates a streamlined shape, representing the genesis of form by external forces acting on matter - carving it. sculpting it, rounding it out - the particular pieces that...
Installing bathroom exhaust fans
Now, lets move on to bathroom-exhaust-fans for ventilation. These fans can be put in as part of the finish work, but as usual, the venting should have been done along with the HVAC before the insulation and sheetrock was put up. Bathroom fans are important for more than the most obvious reason, they also pull moisture out of the air and deliver it outside. This helps prevent mold from growing in humid places. They are a snap to install if you use dryer vent.
Effect Of Staggered Holes On Net Area
Whenever there is more than one hole and the holes are not lined up transverse to the loading direction, more than one potential failure line may exist. The controlling failure line is that which gives the largest stress on an effective net area. In many cases, the critical failure path is also the path that has the minimum net area. In Fig. 3.4.1a the failure line is along the section A-B. In Fig. 3.4.1b showing two lines of staggered holes, the failure line might be through one hole (section...
B2 Ducts and Fittings
A common method of conveying conditioned air is through tubes of sheet aluminum or steel that have square, rectangular, round, or oval sections and which are connected with several kinds of joints as shown in Fig. 3-3. Ducts whose diameters orshort-side dimensions are 6 in. or less are usually made in multiples of 1 in, while larger ducts are made in multiples of 2 in. Ordinary work consists of slip-in ducts with screwed fittings, good work has machine-formed bolted ducts with cleaned and...
UAE Billionaire Shiekh Hamad Writes his Name in The Sand; Visible from Space
Shiekh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan of the ruling royal family of Abu Dhabi, decided to spend a few sacs of his millions in what would seem to be a mega infrastructure project in Al Futaisi Island , except , its not. The Billionaire Shiekh decided to write his name in the sand of the island, big enough to be visible from space.
Basic Elements Of Architecture
Places can be identified by a range of basic elements defined areas of ground, walls, platforms, columns, roof, door Now that we have sorted out a working definition of architecture and its fundamental purpose conceptual organisation, and identification of place we can begin to look at the 'materials' that are available to us in doing architecture. These are not the physical materials of building bricks and mortar, glass, timber, etc. but the conceptual elements of architecture. And they should...
Exit Discharges
All exits must discharge to a safe place of refuge outside the building, such as an exit court or public way at ground level. An exit court may be a courtyard, patio, Light shines down onto floor below doorway. Universal housing allows ceiling, wall, or end mounting. Clear acrylic lens panel is edge lit by LEDs. Light shines down onto floor below doorway. Clear acrylic lens panel is edge lit by LEDs. Long-life LEDs are energy efficient. Long-life LEDs are energy efficient. or exterior...
The Outer Dome Of The French Pantheon
The French Panth on, designed by Soufflot and completed by Rondelet at the end of the XVIII century, has three superimposed domes (Fig. 3) an inner one, hemispherical and with a central hole, has only a scenographic purpose, an intermediate one, with a catenary section, sustains the lantern, and an outer one for protection. They are all made of stone masonry reinforced with the widespread use of iron clamps. The outer dome, probably designed looking at the shape of the wooden dome of Saint Paul...
Settlement patterns historical dimensions
The island of Sams0, Denmark, was mapped in the early decades of the nineteenth century soon after the scattered strip holdings of the communal townfields had been consolidated (Figure 6.8). At that time, apart from a few large single farmsteads in the hands of landowners, the general mass of the population lived in large nucleated villages, generally rather irregular agglomerations, with occasional regular planned additions giving them a composite structure. Many were arranged around ponds,...
Trudeslund near Copenhagen Denmark a cohousing development 197881
Trudeslund is situated in the town of Birker0d north of Copenhagen. It is a total urban design of a small residential community (for a full description, see McCamant and Durrett, 1993). The design brief was based on a social ideal that is manifested in its physical design. In 1978, 20 families came together to form a cooperative society in which a number of household activities and responsibilities of daily life would be shared. The focus of concern amongst those shown in Figure 1.6 was thus on...
The World Trade Center site development New York Ny Usa an architectural product or an allofapiece urban design 2002
The political and design history of the innovative structural systems that collapsed World Trade Center as designed by Minoru under the impacts of the attack of 11 Yamasaki with Emory Roth and Sons as a September 2001. The proposal for the World consultant has been ably documented (e.g. Trade Center site after the devastation rep-Ruchelman, 1977). So too has its highly resents contemporary architectural spatial thought. It is, however, premature to present a case study of the redevelopment of...
Battery Park City New York Ny Usa a new town intown 1962 to 2002 but continuing
Whether or not one cares for the design of Battery Park City, it is arguably the exemplar of an all-of-a-piece urban precinct design in the United States. Chronologically, it predates Canary Wharf, Euralille and Lujiazui but it is very different. It was not seen as a new business district but as an adjunct to an existing one. Now almost completed (and repaired after the events of11 September 2001 when it was much damaged see page 379 for a 2004 view) Battery Park City's development history is...
Allofapiece Urban Design
Many urban redevelopment projects and suburban developments are so large in size that single developers and their backers are incapable of financing them single-handedly. In other cases land holding patterns are so fragmented that having a single developer tackling all the sites in a coordinated manner is legally or administratively impossible. In these cases, a consulting team develops one illustrative three-dimensional design (or master plan or concept plan) of the whole development. The...
Country Houses of Tasmania
Behind the closed doors of our finest private colonial estates Photographs by Alice Bennett Text by Georgia Warner Copyright Alice Bennett and Georgia Warner 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 the Act allows a maximum of...
Tea Masters Dream Lives On
Sado or the Way of Tea seeks to extend the meditative simplicity of the tea ceremony or chanoyu into all aspects of life. The ideal of a mind in complete harmony with nature and free from tine turmoil of worldly affairs has blossomed in Japan since Zen Buddhism arrived here from India and China in the 13th century. From tine Meiji Era (1868-1912) to the early Showa Period (1926-1989), many influential people in political and financial circles became particularly strong proponents of chanoyu, as...
Determination Of Minimum Glass Thickness
The determination of minimum glass thickness of panels of different types of glass supported on four sides as well as two opposite sides is discussed in the following sections. 4.4.1 Glass Panels Supported on All Four Sides The thickness of panels of normal glass can be obtained using the empirical relation explained in article 4.3.2. This relation is valid for the glass having the minimum design strength of the material as mentioned in article 4.3.1 and the maximum aspect ratio limited to a...
The Crafton 1935 Sears Honor-Bilt Homes
Just before this catalog went to press, we counted the number of home builders who have been made happy by building one of these attractive low cost American type bungalows. When over a thousand vote these plans their choice, there can be only one answer they meet the requirements where four, five or six rooms are needed, at a minimum cost. No gingerbread just attractive, livable space. You have your choice of three plans. No. 3318A size 22 ft. wide by 30 ft. deep contains four rooms and bath.
Means of Egress
Exiting is one of the most critical requirements of building codes. It comprises three main categories . exit access, exit, and exit discharge (Figure 11.3). Figure 11.3 Typical example of means of egress from a building (source The Codes Guidebook for Interiors by S.K. Harmon and K.G. Kennon). Figure 11.3 Typical example of means of egress from a building (source The Codes Guidebook for Interiors by S.K. Harmon and K.G. Kennon). Arrangement of exits is specified by code. They should be located...
Calculations
Early methods of calculation model studies computer analysis artificial lighting examples of daylight studies The very real importance of the daylighting strategy in modern buildings makes it a major consideration in design, and whilst an architect's innate understanding of the rules which have applied in the case of buildings since mediaeval times, the complications of modern structures and their interrelationships makes an understanding of daylighting desirable, if not essential. However it...
Effective Height or Length Walls
As stated in section 5.7 the effective height or length, used in the determination of the slenderness ratio of an element, is based on the actual height or length which is modified depending on the restraint conditions. Examples of simple and enhanced restraints have been given in the previous section, and the effective height or length may be determined concrete floor or roof y supports providing enhanced resistance to lateral movement typical condition (a) effective height hef 0.
Thermal Feel
)- Interior designers can use an awareness of how we perceive the temperature of different materials to select appropriate materials for projects. A wood edge on a bar will be perceived to be warmer than a brass edge. Some of the materials we like close to our skin wood, carpeting, upholstery, bedding, some plastics feel warm to the touch, regardless of their actual temperature. We perceive materials to be warm that are low in thermal capacity and high in thermal resistance, and that are...
The Mississippi River Railway Crossing at Clinton Iowa
Federal Mining Galena and Chicago Union Chicago, Iowa and Nebraska Planning the Mississippi The First General Warren's Illinois Bridge Iowa Bridge Swing Bridge Repairs to First Bridge 1873 to Engineering Contemporary Swing Bridge Construction of the Third Large infrastructure projects are almost always built to satisfy an economic or social need In the case of the railroad crossing over the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa, the impetus was the settlement of the upper Mississippi River Valley...
Space And Structure
In this cottage, called Llainfadyn, the purpose of the structure of the building is to organise a portion of space, identifying it as a place for dwelling. Structure and space are in 'symbiosis' a mutually affective relationship. Both structure and space are media of architecture. It is by reason of its structure that a building stands. Structure also plays a part in organising space into places. The relationship between space and structure is not always simple and straightforward it is subject...
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are formed by the recrystallisation of older rocks, when subjected to intense heat or pressure or both, within the earth's crust. Clay is metamorphosed to slate, limestone to marble and sandstone to quartzite. Slate is derived from fine-grained sand-free clay sediments. The characteristic cleavage planes of slate were produced when the clay was metamorphosed and frequently they do not relate to the original bedding planes. Slate can be split into thin sections (typically 4-10...
Deterioration Of Timber
The major agencies causing the deterioration of timber in construction are weathering, fungi, insects and fire. The natural durability of timber is defined into five categories in relation to the resistance of the heartwood to wood-decaying fungi (BS EN 350-1 1994). On prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind and rain, external timbers gradually lose their natural colours and turn grey. Sunlight and oxygen break down some of the cellulose and lignin into water-soluble materials which are then...
DIY Bathroom Plumbing And More
Diy-bathroom-plumbing refers to the do-it-yourself people. I like do-it-yourselfers. I do a lot of things, I'm just not too good at any of them. Some things aren't rocket science, so it doesn't take a genius to do them. Most of us have been involved in some kind of home plumbing repair project. Home plumbing repair is fine for the novice homeowner, but diy heating plumbing projects can sometimes end up in disaster. You need to have a good plan to cover your bases.
Temples And Cottages
In dealing with the world, people sometimes accept what the world provides or does, and at others, they try to change it to achieve a view of how it should be how the world might be more comfortable, more beautiful, or in better order than it is. Our interaction with the world can be thought of as a mixture of these two responses to accept or to change. Hamlet was not the only one to be afflicted with this quandary it is particularly alive in architecture, where the designing mind has to engage...
Stratification
In 1922 Mies van der Rohe designed a skyscraper which, though the plan was irregular, was composed of many horizontal slices of space. Human architecture would no doubt be different if we could fly freely in three dimensions. Because we walk and are held down by gravity, our lives mainly take place on flat surfaces, and architecture is concerned with the planning of floors. With this limitation in movement, human life and architecture have a particular emphasis in the two horizontal dimensions....
Rectified photographs
In the absence of line drawings, rectified photographs of the elevations of a ruin can be used to identify the location and scope of defects (Figure 3.19). In general, they are more useful to superimpose survey grids onto than for annotation of defects, since the level of detail in a photograph can prevent clear identification of individual repairs they can, however, be used to indicate the general scope of recommendations, for example locations where repair to wall heads is required or where...
To create the basic stair
1 Click on H U-type stair (Tools palette -> Architecture family -> Stairs module -> Create area) and activate the layer AR_STAIR 2 The first point you click will define the point where the bottom of the stair and the inner stringer meet. In all stairs this is one of the points at the bottom (inner or outer stringer). Click the other corners using the outline of the stair we created earlier. In total, you need to place 8 points. A First point, inner stringer (from bottom) 4 Activate the...
On Site Of Purana Qila
Known as the 'Old Fort' of Delhi, Purana Qila, the first Mughal capital city, is situated on the eastern edge of Delhi, along the river Jumna. Humayun, the second Mughal emperor (1530-38 A.D. 1555-56 A.D.) began constructing a walled city and fortress on this site in 1533 A.D. and named it Din-Panah, or 'Refuge of Religion'. The chosen site was an ancient area known as Indraprastha, associated with the Hindu epic Mahabarata. Through the excavation from the Purana Qila evidences of pieces of the...
Sir Stirrat Andrew William Johnson Marshall 191281
Bottom JohnsonMarshall. Iatthew was is another Scotsman who made good in London. He was born in Edinburgh, son of the architect John Fraser Matthew, partner of Sir Robert Lorimer. He graduated from Edinburgh University during the Depression and, without work, he studied slum housing. By 1936 he was advised by a family friend to work at the Department of Health for Scotland. Between 1940-45 he was working on the Clyde Valley regional plan, with Patrick Abercrombie and, by...
Toplighting
Lighting from above offers the best distribution of diffuse skylight, with deeper penetration and better uniformity of daylight. Toplighting is best where light is desired but a view is not necessary. It offers better security and frees up wall space. Toplighting may eliminate the need for electric lighting on the top floors of a building during daylight hours. Unlike sidelighting, it is easy to distribute uniformly. Toplighting controls glare from low angle sunlight better than sidelighting....
Toplighting Systems Skylight system
A skylight system is one of the simplest toplighting strategies. It usually provides a horizontal or slanted opening in the roof of a building and is designed to capture sunlight when the sun is high in the sky and diffuse light from the zenithal area of the sky vault, and introduce it into the portion of the room under the skylight. This daylighting approach can be used only for the top floor of a multi-story building or for single-story buildings. Several skylights uniformly distributed...
Housing estate Arkadien Asperg near Stuttgart
The squares and pockets of public green are spaces for winding down and creative play for adults and children. The squares and pockets of public green are spaces for winding down and creative play for adults and children. Because of the high housing density, there is little space for surface retention and infiltration of the site stormwater. Consequently, rainwater is collected in cisterns under the houses and re-used for washing, toilet flushing and garden watering. Western Europe is starting...
Controlling Air Temperature and
The roles of air temperature and humidity in human thermal comfort are easily grasped. In cool air the body loses heat too quickly for comfort, and in hot air, too slowly. We seek a happy medium. If the air is too humid, skin evaporation is too slow for comfort. If the air is too dry, the skin and the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are dried too rapidly, and static electricity becomes a nuisance. Thus we expect our buildings to regulate air temperature and humidity, along with thermal...
The plan of Radburn
The time between the purchase of land in Fairlawn and the starting of construction was too short to develop a plan of Radburn as a whole (Fig. 5). This was vaguely in the back of our minds, to be given more definite form later. Our immediate problem was to relate the superblocks to the form of the land. We began with an area near the railroad station. As we did not want direct access to culs-de-sac from Fairlawn Avenue, which promised to become a main thoroughfare, we left a strip, an ordinary...
The RF as a Spiritual Structure Colney Wood Burial Park
Throughout his RF journey, Graham always felt that the RF should be used as a spiritual structure. He has designed several sanctuaries using the RF. One was a temporary structure for the Earth sanctuary for the Eco-village conference at Findhorn. He talks about the experience 'We put up the Earth sanctuary in four afternoons. The space is underground and only the RF roof is above ground.We used round wooden poles for the RF beams. It was Craig Gibson's inspiration Craig lives in the whisky...
The Glen Flora
1905 HODGSON HOUSE PLANSThe 1905 Hodgson house plan for the Glen Flora features an ornate Queen Anne with a front facing gable, turret, and covered wraparound porch. The steep, tall roof line with lower cross gables and ornate spindlework are clearly holdovers from the 1890s.
Historical Overview Of Building Codes And Standards
Building codes have been with us since the dawn of history, when people first learned to read and write. In Old Babylon we see the birth of building regulations, during the reign of King Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.). These codes meted harsh punishment to irresponsible builders, indicating that the building trade was already a specialized profession. According to the king's decree, if an architect built a house for a freeman and it collapsed and killed the occupant, then the architect could be put...
Purpose of Specialty Drawings
There are a number of components, assemblies, and other specialized items in buildings and interiors that do not fall neatly into commonly recognized groupings such as floor plans, elevations, sections, and finish plans. These elements often require a more detailed drawing and even specialized graphic techniques to fully explain them. These pieces of construction and their details often require a series of views that may be done in plan, elevation, section, and even isometric drawings. In most...
Mechanical Drawings
The cover sheet for mechanical drawings should contain appropriate notes, legends (chart or table of symbols and abbreviations), and details. The mechanical plan specifies the design of or the modifications to the mechanical system, ductwork layout and dimensions, mechanical equipment location, damper locations, design air-delivery rates, diffuser locations, thermostat locations, and supplemental cooling systems if required. Mechanical plans are normally identified as M-1, M-2, M-3, etc. Some...
Trussed Tube
A trussed tube system improves on the efficiency of the framed tube by increasing its potential for use in taller buildings and allowing greater spacing between the columns. This is achieved by adding diagonal bracing at the faces of the tube to virtually eliminate the shear lag in both the flange and web frames. The framed tube, as discussed previously, even with its close spacing of columns is somewhat flexible because the high axial stresses in the columns parallel to the lateral loads...
Case Studies
Having noted that a building must have a system to resist both lateral bending and shear in addition to the ever-present gravity loads, let us take a trip around the world to explore how prominent engineers have exploited this concept. Although some of the case studies include run-of-the-mill designs that a large number of engineers solve on a day-to-day basis, others are once-in-a-lifetime high-profile projects, even daring in their engineering solutions. Many are examples of buildings...
Two View Drawings
Simple, symmetrical flat objects and cylindrical parts, such as sleeves, shafts, rods, or studs, require only two views to show the full details of construction. The two views usually include the front view and either a right side or left side view or a top or bottom view. Figure 5.7C More examples of third angle projection that is primarily used in the United States and Canada. This type of projection produces two plan views and four side views. In third angle projection the left view is put...
Suspended glass assemblies
Suspended glass assemblies using glass as the load-carrying material were first developed with Foster Associates in 1973 for the Willis, Faber and Dumas Insurance building in Ipswich (Fig. 7.1 8). The system consists of two glass components a wall skin formed from sheets for 12 mm toughened glass (armour plate) and vertical fins fixed perpendicularly to the skin to provide lateral resistance to wind loads.These are formed from I 9 mm armour plate. The system is constructed from the top down....
Foundation and Stem Wall
We began our bag work right on the ground of this excavation these bags became the foundation of our structure. The first row of bags can be filled with gravel to inhibit capillary action from the ground up into the earthen walls. The continuing bag work up to grade consisted of the earthen fill we had prepared previously Fig. 12.6 . Use the compass arm to delineate the shape of the structure. The angle bracket set on the horizontal arm denotes where the inside circumference of the finished,...
Braced Frames
Rigid frame systems are not efficient for buildings taller than about 20 stories because the shear racking component of deflection due to the bending of columns and beams causes the story drift to be too great. Addition of diagonal or V-braces within the frame transforms the system into a vertical truss, virtually eliminating the bending of columns and beams. High stiffness is achieved because the horizontal shear is now primarily absorbed by the web members and not by the columns. The webs...
Modern historical consciousness
The period from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century marked a series of fundamental changes that founded the modern world, and together with it the modern concepts of history and cultural heritage. Many of these changes coincided in the second half of the eighteenth century, and had their roots in European cultural, scientific, political, and economic developments. Politically, the period was marked by absolutist rule, only superseded through drastic social and political changes, starting...
George Gilbert Scott
One of the principal protagonists in the following debate was Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811-78), the most successful Victorian architect with a massive practice of church restorations. Scott dedicated himself entirely to his work, and had an 'indomitable energy and unflagging zeal, as well as the enlightened spirit in which he pursued his lofty calling', as recalled by his son later. His practice extended to more than 800 buildings, including the Foreign Office, St Pancras Hotel and the Albert...
Ecclesiological architects
One of the favourite architects of the Ecclesi-ologists was Anthony Salvin (1799-1881), a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and Oxford Architectural and Historical Society. He had a large country house practice, and worked on the cathedrals of Norwich, Durham and Wells, as well as on numerous parish churches. He remodelled castles, including the Tower of London, Windsor, Alnwick and Caernarvon. Many were private residences and were remodelled according to the wishes of owners. For his work...
Anti Restoration
The thoughts of Ruskin were gradually diffused and taken over by many others, and, in 1877, the main points were summarized by Sidney Colvin (1845-1927), Slade Professor of Fine Arts at Cambridge, in his Restoration and Anti-Restoration. He conceived a building as a work of art, but different from a statue completed at one time buildings, instead, may exhibit the action of many modifying forces, and the more they bear the marks of such forces, the greater is their historic value and interest....
John Ruskins conservation principles
The anti-restoration movement criticized restoration architects for the destruction of the historical authenticity of the buildings, and fought for their protection, conservation and maintenance. The principal protagonist in this movement was John Ruskin (1819-1900), whose piercing eye and biting pen detected and denounced any sort of restoration. As a result, in the English language, the word 'restoration' came to indicate something negative, and, in due time, was replaced by the word...
Lamellar Tearing
Lamellar tearing is a form of brittle fracture occurring in planes essentially parallel to the rolled surface of a plate under high through thickness loading. 2.37 . Because strains resulting from service loads are well below 6V, normal loads are not believed to initiate or propagate lamellar tears, and something else must be responsible. In a highly restrained welded joint thru-thickness strains e are induced by weld metal shrinkage. The localized strains resulting from weld metal shrinkage,...
Middle Third Rule
Edge of the middle third a - 3 , the pressure distribution is as shown in Fig. 17.5 , and Eq. 17.8 results in the formula given there. If the resultant were located outside the middle third a lt I 3 , Eq. 17.8 would indicate tension at and near point a. Obviously, tension cannot be developed between soil and a concrete footing that merely rests on it. Hencc. in this case the pressure distribution of Fig. 17.5c will develop, which implies a slight lifting off the soil of the rear part of the...
My Own House Blueprints
House-blueprints are usually needed so the inspector can get the same idea as the builder about a structure. Many inspectors will demand professionally-made blueprints with the engineer's seal on it. If that's the case, it could cost easily over a thousand dollars to have them made. The way I see it, you'll have to pay that fee whether you build your house or a contractor does it for you.