Protect Your Family with the Most Effective Arsenic Water Filters
Arsenic contamination in water is a serious health concern, and finding the best water filter for arsenic removal is essential to ensure safe drinking water. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element, but when present in water, it poses a significant risk to human health. Long-term exposure can lead to a range of serious health problems, including various forms of cancer, skin lesions, cardiovascular diseases, and developmental problems in children.
Clutch and brood manipulations
The purposes of clutch and brood manipulations are to increase the productivity of focal pairs, providing the birds concerned will tolerate the intrusion. In most species of birds, the number of fertile eggs laid is considerably greater than the number of young that leave the nest. There are losses during incubation and rearing that can often be minimized by careful management, and the eggs or young can be harvested without increasing the overall loss. In some species, if eggs are harvested one...
Evenness or Equitability
Three measures of diversity that have been widely used in ecology are Simpson's index, Shannon's entropy, and the total number of species or species richness. Some species diversity indices are based on the concept of evenness or equitability. Simply put, the concept of evenness refers to the extent to which each species is represented among the sample. The extremes would range from one species being dominant and all other species being present in very low numbers (one individual for each...
Water Resources of the World
Water is the most abundant substance at the Earth's surface, with most (almost all) of it contained in the oceans, which cover nearly 71 of the surface area of the Earth. Oceans are by far the Earth's largest reservoir, but their water is salty (with salinity from 33 to 37 g kg ). If evenly distributed on the Earth-sized uniform sphere, water would form a layer of a depth of 2.7 km. The global water resources constitute approximately 1.385 billion km3 (Figure 1). This makes up 0.17 of Earth's...
The Best Household Air Purifiers
Air purifiers are a common household equipment nowadays. With the onset of winters in Northern States, the demand for air purifiers has increased. The fast-approaching festive season is also a reason why homeowners concerned by rising air pollution are rushing to buy air purifiers . The air purifier is a unique product in the list of white goods available in the market. It does not promise to provide cooler air or bring down the ambient temperature, albeit it promises fresher air.
Theories to Explain High Diversity in the Tropics
The question, Why are there so many species in the tropics is one that has intrigued scientists for almost a century. Scores of theories have been put forth to account for the increase in diversity in almost all taxa along a gradient of decreasing latitude. Pianka (1966) reviewed the major theories of the time and lumped them into six categories the time theory the theory of climatic stability the theory of spatial heterogeneity the competition hypothesis the predation hypothesis and the...
What Do Snapping Turtles Eat?
This article is all about the diet snapping turtles eat in the wild and captivity as pets as an answer to the common question what do snapping turtles eat. You will also learn the basics of caring for snapping turtles as pets at home. What do snapping turtles eat Snapping turtles eat both plants and animal meat because they are omnivorous.
Natural selection
In the previous sections we have been looking at some of the ways in which non-adaptive processes can affect the genetic variation of populations. Genetic diversity is affected also by natural selection, a process that leads to 'the differential reproduction of genetically distinct individuals or genotypes within a population' (Li, 1997). Natural selection can alter allele frequencies in a number of different ways that can either increase or decrease overall genetic variation. Both stabilizing...
Mechanisms Of Sound Production
As Henry (Chapter 10) emphasises here, insects are preadapted to be noisy animals. With a hard and sclerotised exoskeleton, the segmented form of the body and jointed limbs will inevitably cause vibrations in the surrounding environment when an insect moves. It will be very difficult for insects to move silently without making a noise. It is not surprising that many groups have developed specialised systems of sound production and associated receptors which are used in communication within and...
What Do Kangaroos Eat? The Feeding Of The Famous Australian Animal
We think it's safe to say that all of us know what kangaroos are. Kangaroos have been portrayed on television and in films as big, brown animals who carry their young in their pouches. Which is true for this marsupial from the Macropods family, for they do have pouches in their tummies where they put their babies in but there's more interesting things that one has to know about them. For one, the word Kangaroo is from gangurru, a Guugu Yimithirr word.
What Do Frogs Eat? Feeding Your Pet Frog
What do frogs eat Almost every kid in the world when given half a chance to bring a frog home as a pet will stuff it in their pocket and bring it home to surprise mom and dad. If you're going to keep a frog as a pet, it is important to know what kind of food it needs to stay healthy and grow into an adult frog. Whether you found yours at the local pond or from a pet store, it is important to create the right habitat and provide suitable food.
Monocrop Farming: Green Revolution or environmental blunder of historic proportions?
While writing about Colony Collapse Disorder (the disappearance of the world's honeybee population) I came across an article by Canadian investigative journalist Alex Roslin about monocrops and their detrimental effects on world hunger, biodiversity, nutrition, food supplies, water toxicity and soil quality.
How Activated Carbon Filters Remove Volatile Organic Compounds from the Air?
Air purifiers nowadays come with the latest technology to filter out pollutants from the indoor air. Indoor air pollution is a scary reality in today's world with studies showing that the air inside an enclosed space such as a building, house or a car has a much higher concentration of air pollutants than the air outdoors. Most air purifiers use a HEPA filter. HEPA stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air or High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance.
Starbucks Discontinues Its Swiss Water Decaf Blend
Starbucks' Komodo Dragon Decaf Blend is wholly an Asia Pacific coffee deep, full-bodied with a complex flavour that is bold and unanticipated. And as it employs the completely natural, Swiss Water Process this rich, earthy blend is the favourite amongst pregnant coffee drinkers. And it has been discontinued. Starbucks no longer offers a Swiss Water decaf blend. A note from Starbucks Customer Relations Starbucks will no longer be offering our Decaf Komodo Dragon BlendT coffee.
Four types of factor affecting species richness
There are a number of factors to which the species richness of a community can be related, and these are of several different types. First, there are factors that can be referred to broadly as 'geographic', notably latitude, altitude and, in aquatic environments, depth. These have often been correlated with species richness, as we shall discuss below, but presumably they cannot be causal agents in their own right. If species richness changes with latitude, then there must be some other factor...
Purification Of Salt Water
Three principal methods of augmenting the world's supply of potable water are 1. Cloud seeding to furnish artificial production of rain 2. Advanced waste treatment to render wastewaters directly reusable 3. Conversion of salt water by a variety of processes The first has been used with some success in arid areas, but the results are not always predictable. The second has passed from a laboratory procedure to the construction of full-size plants which are treating water in certain South African...
Food Chain in the Forest
The first hydrothermal vent community discovered was found along the Gal pagos rift zone. A rift zone forms where two plates of Earth's crust are spreading apart. In your Science Journal, describe the energy source that heats the water in the hydrothermal vents of the Gal pagos rift zone. In this food chain, grasses are producers, marmots are herbivores that eat the grasses, and grizzly bears are consumers that eat marmots.
Why Air Purifiers are Essential for Pet Owners?
You may not have an allergic reaction to cats, dogs, or any other furry friend, but having these animals at home constantly exposes you to pet dander. In the long run, pet dander can cause respiratory problems for you, your children and for the seniors in your home. While one may argue that he she carries out regular cleaning and dusting, and keeps the pets well groomed, it is simply not enough.
Removing Iron Salts
The treatment for removing dissolved iron salts usually involves (1) oxidation by air, chlorine, or ozone followed by filtration (2) chemical precipitation followed by filtration or (3) ion exchange. The capacity of the treatment plant, the pH of the water, and the presence of other contaminants determine which process is the most economical. Iron is usually removed more readily than iron and manganese together. The removal of dissolved iron chelated to organic compounds is usually accomplished...
What Do Polar Bears Eat? Learn About The Arctic Bear Feeding Habits
Polar bears are among the largest carnivores in the world. They live in the Arctic usually on sea ice at the edge of pack ice. This is the best location for the bears to hunt and capture seals. Many scientists consider polar bears to be marine mammals since they spend so much time in or around the water. They spend so much time in the water and are comfortable in the ice cold arctic oceans. Polar bears can swim up to 100 km although this takes a great deal of energy.
What Do Bengal Tigers Eat?
Do you know the answer to the question what do Bengal tigers eat This article aims to discuss the Bengal tiger's diet and the way this species hunt its food in the wild. The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the most common kind of tiger and is probably what most people refer to when they say tiger because they are the most populous of tigers. The Bengal tiger is generally characterized by a yellow to light orange coat with stripes of brown or black.
What Do Gorillas Eat? Feeding Habits Of A Gorilla
As far as population genetics is concerned, gorillas are considered by scientists as one of the few species of great apes that are closely related to humans. What are great apes by the way What are their differences with monkeys Great apes are monkey relatives but they differ in size, posture, the presence of tails and size of brains. Great apes which include gorillas are larger in size. They are able to walk upright for hours.
What Do Weasels Eat?
This article will answer common questions regarding the weasel's unique diet such as what do weasels eat or can I have a weasel as a pet What do weasels eat Weasels are carnivores, that will usually only eat other animals. They usually hunt prey that are smaller than themselves, such as rats, voles, shrews, chipmunks, mice, and other small mammals. Weasels are also known to prey on animals larger than themselves too, like rabbits and hares.
What Do Possums Eat? Foods For Opossums
Possums have adapted well to the expansion of human population. Dense urban environments bring an abundance of shelter as well as food sources. They are also sometimes referred to as Opossums. They will live under a deck, in underbrush, or even a hollow log. They are generally nomadic creatures. They do not spend much time in one place preferring to move every three or four days. In fact, it may not spend more than several nights in one location.
What Do Sea Urchins Eat?
While more and more people keep sea urchins as pets at home, you might be searching what food do sea urchins eat. Sea urchin feeds on everything that floats around it. They primarily feed on algae attached to coral and rocks, but they also grind and eat plankton, kelp, and periwinkle. They also consume dead fish, mussels, sponges, and barnacles. Let's learn more about sea urchin's feeding behavior in their natural habitat.
What do Cougars Eat?
A cougar is a North American sandy colored puma. They are sometimes known as Mountain Lions. Cougars are mostly nocturnal animals, searching for food and hunting during the night, although they have been known to move around in the daytime too. They are solitary animals, that spend much of their lives on their own. What do cougars eat in the wild What do cougars eat are generally grazing creatures such as deer, elk, mountain goats, moose, and wild sheep.
What Do Dingoes Eat? Prey Animals That Dingoes Eat
The dingo, known by its scientific name of Canis lupus dingo, is a wild feral dog that only lives in Australia. Dingo fur can be colored either ginger tan, black, or cream. Ginger tan-colored dingoes account for 74 of the dingo population. Dingoes hunt alone and in packs. Dingoes' food is similar to other pack-canines such as wolves. What Do Dingoes Eat Dingoes are mainly carnivorous and they eat a large range of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects.
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in mutualistic plants
The inability of most plants and animals to fix atmospheric nitrogen is one of the great puzzles in the process of evolution, since nitrogen is in limiting supply in many habitats. However, the ability to fix nitrogen is widely though irregularly distributed amongst both the eubacteria 'true' bacteria and the archaea archaebacteria , and many of these have been caught up in tight mutualisms with systematically quite different groups of eukaryotes. Presumably such symbioses have evolved a number...
Intromittent Organs
The need for a secure connection, then, may account for some of the claspers, hooks, and spines in the male's genitalic assemblage but cannot explain the bewildering complexity (Fig. 6.11E) of many components. The similarity of some cockroach structures to those of other, better-studied insects, however, allows us in some cases to make inferences from genitalic design. In particular, brushes and slender, elongate spines, rods, and flagellae, especially those with modified tips, may be sexually...
Stable Isotope Constraints on Net Ecosystem Production Under Elevated CO2
King, Arvin R. Moser, Jack Morgan, Daniel Milchunas Introduction Approaches for Estimating Net Ecosystem Production Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the total carbon accumulated in an ecosystem over a time interval, usually a year. The C is stored above- and belowground in plants, animals, and soils, and has residence times ranging from less than one to several hundred years or more.
Phosphorus cycle
The principal stocks of phosphorus occur in the water of the soil, rivers, lakes and oceans and in rocks and ocean sediments. The phosphorus Precipitation gaseous and aerosol uptake Respiration, gaseous and aerosol emission plants live between two counterflowing movements of water major nutrient compartments and fluxes in global biogeochemical cycles phosphorus derives mainly from the weathering of rocks Figure 18.20 The major global pathways of nutrients between the abiotic 'reservoirs' of...
The Ocean Currents Climate and Biosphere
The Role of the Ocean Currents in the Climate System Modern ocean circulation represents a complex three-dimensional phenomenon which is determined by the Earth's geography and spatial patterns of surface wind, and surface heat and freshwater fluxes. Surface ocean currents are directly driven by wind and the existence of large-scale oceanic gyres Figure 1 is explained by prevailing westerlies in the mid-latitudes and trade winds in the tropics. The divergence of surface wind-driven currents...
Therapsids and the Origin of Mammals
The synapsid order Therapsida Sect. 2.5 may have diverged from the pely-cosaurs during the Lower Permian, but the earliest fossils to be found were in the Upper Permian of Gondwanaland. Therapsids diversified greatly in the Triassic when they dominated the terrestrial vertebrate forms of the world but only one suborder, Cynodontia, persisted into the Lower Jurassic. The preceding Dicynodontia had been the most successful herbivorous therapsids of the Late Permian and Triassic - a span of almost...
Decomposers bacteria and fungi
If scavengers do not take a dead resource immediately it dies such as hyenas consuming a dead zebra , the process of decomposition usually starts with colonization by bacteria and fungi. Other changes may occur at the same time enzymes in the dead tissue may start to autolyze it and break down the carbohydrates and proteins into simpler, soluble forms. The dead material may also become leached by rainfall or, in an aquatic environment, may lose minerals and soluble organic compounds as they are...
Energy Flow
Explain how organisms produce energy-rich compounds. Describe how energy flows through ecosystems. Recognize how much energy is available at different levels in a food chain. All living things, including people, All living things are made of matter, and all living things need energy. Matter and energy move through the natural world in different ways. Matter can be recycled over and over again. The recycling of matter requires energy. Energy is not recycled, but it is converted from one form to...
Primary Productivity
Primary productivity is the rate of conversion of solar energy into plant matter. The total rate of solar energy conversion into carbohydrates (total photosynthesis) is gross primary productivity (GPP). However, a portion of GPP must be expended by the plant through metabolic processes necessary for maintenance, growth, and reproduction and is lost as heat through respiration. The net rate at which energy is stored as plant matter is net primary productivity. The energy stored in net primary...
Range Of Habitats
Cockroaches are found in a continuum of dark, humid, poorly ventilated, and often cramped spaces either continuously or when sheltering during their non-active period. Although certain species may be associated with a particular crevice type like the voids beneath rocks or the space beneath loose bark, others are commonly found in more than one of these habitat subdivisions. Many species exploit the interconnectivity of dark, enclosed spaces wherever there is suitable food and moisture, and a...
What are the Sources of Indoor Air Pollution?
Indoor air pollution is one of the leading causes of health issues in the Indian sub-continent. The deteriorating air quality inside homes is mostly affecting women and children as they spend most of their time indoors. In urban city centres, the problem is made severe by pollutants from vehicular exhaust and industrial emissions. These hazardous particles can stay indoors for long periods of time without getting noticed.
What Do Beetles Eat? Learn How The Beetle Types Feed
To describe beetles on a very artistic manner, you would probably go with the biggest insect in a shining armor'. Often seen in trees and shrubs, beetles come with apples and persimmons when we try to reap such fruits. As we have all seen, and most probably touched, these insects are distinctively known to have such exoskeleton, or bones which will serve as a framework of their body- but just on the outside. Like any other insects, beetles have the usual body parts.
What Do Panthers Eat?
A black panther is not a species in its own right the name black panther is an umbrella term that refers to any big cat with a black coat. When a big cat is completely black, it is called melanism'. Melanism is the opposite of albinism. Black Panthers in Asia and Africa are actually leopards, whilst black panthers in the Americas are, in fact, Jaguars.
Do You Need Natural Gas Detectors In Your Home?
Along with carbon monoxide (CO) detectors, you should also install natural gas detectors in your home. Natural gas is commonly used in homes to heat household appliances but it can be extremely dangerous. Thankfully, natural gas leaks are fairly easy to detect because the gas, while organically colorless and odorless, is mixed with a non-toxic odorant (you might be familiar with the rotten egg smell). However, even though gas leaks are rare, they can happen.
The woodland ecosystem food chains food webs and the plant animal and decomposition subsystems
Trees dominate the woodland and forest communities in which they grow but hosts of other organisms - including fungi and bacteria - which evolved in parallel with them, live beside, beneath and in them in an interacting whole. The types of animals involved in such communities are illustrated in Fig. 1.8 in many other parts of the world the major differences from western European forests involve the presence of much larger herbivores and carnivores and of primates such as monkeys and gorillas....
Why Does My Dog Follow Me Everywhere?
They always want to be around with their owner all the time, but too much can be frustrating. This habit is unhealthy for both you and your dog because it might make you trip over and have a sudden visit to the ER and on your dog's side, he might be masking shadowing a physical or behavioral problem. If you're wondering why does my dog follow me everywhere here are five possible explanations why 1.
Elemental Composition of Biomolecules
Variation in elemental composition among organisms can be driven by stoichiometric differences at many levels of internal organization. As outlined below, major classes of biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, protein, and nucleic acids contain different concentrations of C, N, P, and other major elements such as H, O, and S Table 2 . Table 2 Approximate C N P H O S stoichiometry of mass of selected macromolecules and other organic compounds Table 2 Approximate C N P H O S stoichiometry...
What Do Ladybugs Eat? The Food A Ladybug Wants To Find
The ladybug or ladybird beetle is one of the most popular insect all over the world. It is familiar because of its polka-dotted body covering and its association with the springtime. But did you know that ladybugs are not actually bugs Taxonomically speaking, ladybugs belong to order coleoptera or the beetle order.
What Do Plankton Eat?
We journey through the world's oceans to discover what do plankton eat. Planktons are small and microscopic organisms that live in fresh or sea water. Plankton isn't a species, it's the name for a large group of organisms that live in the waters of the world such as krill, jellyfish and the eggs and larvae of larger animals. Even sea salp colonies which can grow up to ten meters in length are considered plankton. However, most of the plankton in the ocean can be categorized as plants.
Energetics of foraging
Almost all otters spend a lot of time asleep. However, when they are not asleep, and we see them in their watery environment, they leave an impression of carefree abandon, of unlimited energy. An ecologist will be wary of such ideas, thinking of the problems that otters have with food acquisition, as mentioned in previous sections, and remembering that prey availability may limit otter numbers (see Chapter 11). One may ask why, therefore, given the amount of time for which otters seem to be...
Fungi with algae the lichens
Of the 70,000 or so species of fungus that are known, approximately 20 are 'lichenized' (Palmqvist, 2000). Lichens are nutritionally specialized fungi (the so-called 'mycobiont' component) that have escaped from their normal way of life into a mutualistic association with a 'photo-biont'. In around 90 of lichen species the photobiont is an alga, which provides carbon compounds to the mycobiont through photosynthesis. In some cases, the photobiont is a cyanobacterium, which may also provide...
Saprotrophic Channels of Food Webs in the Sea
Detritus in the sea is the nutritional base of some large animals and important fisheries, while on land only a limited number of species of small arthropods are detriti-vores, and fungi are the major consumers of wood detritus. Termites are one animal group that thrives on wood. Termites have invited themselves to this exclusive feast by evolving mutualistic interactions with bacterial and other symbionts, which live in the termite gut. These Figure 4 A larger fraction of primary productivity...
What Do Rattlesnakes Eat?
Rattlesnakes are venomous snakes categorized as the genus Crotalus. The name Crotalus is derived from Greek and means castanet'. This is because when rattlesnakes sense danger, they make a loud, rattling sound with their tails, which sounds much like a castanet. There are 36 species of rattlesnakes and between 65 and 70 subspecies, native to North and South America. Rattlesnakes are cause for the highest rates of snakebite injuries in North America.
Dwarf elephants and mammoths
No account of proboscidean evolution would be complete or accurate without mention of the remarkable reversal in body size that occurred during the Pleistocene. Several species of elephants (including mammoths) isolated on islands during the fluctuating sea levels of the Pleistocene underwent rapid dwarfing. This phenomenon was not necessarily confined to the Pleistocene, but may have occurred much earlier in the Southeast Asian islands, although the evidence is fragmentary. There are some...
The Carbon Cycle
Of all the biogeochemical cycles, the carbon cycle is perhaps the most significant. All organic molecules contain carbon therefore, it is essential to all forms of life. The carbon and oxygen cycles are intimately linked. As oxygenic photosynthesis carried out by plants and prokar-yotes both consumes CO2 and produces O2, aerobic respiratory processes both produce CO2 and consume O2. The average oxidation state of carbon atoms in organic compounds ranges from fully reduced CH4 to intermediate...
What Do Llamas Eat?
Llamas belong to the same family as camels and are classed as Camelidae. They do not have humps to store fat, but like camels, they can go for long periods of time without drinking water. Llamas live in the wild, and as domesticated animals reared on farms, in zoos, and as pets. What do llamas eat can really depend on where they are raised. What do llamas eat Llamas are usually fed grains, grass hay, and herbivore pellets.
History of the ivory trade with special reference to Africa
Ivory has been treasured since ancient times for its unique qualities. People of the Gravettian culture of Europe used mammoth ivory during the late Pleisto cene to make bracelets, while those of the Magdalenian culture fashioned it into figurines. In more historical times, native peoples have used elephant ivory to express art in the form of simple carvings or jewels. It is difficult to estimate how much of this ivory came from animals that died naturally as opposed to those deliberately...
What Do Hedgehogs Eat?
The African pygmy hedgehog is the most often type of hedgehog to be domesticated and kept as a pet by many consumers. It is a hybrid of two African species. A Hedgehog kept as a pet requires dedication and patience. This may be more than some people are willing to provide. Providing the correct environment and diet will help to ensure that your hedgehog provides you and your family with a great deal of enjoyment.
The Bicarbonate Buffer System
Dissolved CO2 reacts with H2O to form carbonic acid H2CO3 , a weak inorganic acid that occurs at low concentrations relative to unhydrated CO2 at pH lt 8 Wetzel 2001 . H2CO3 further FIGURE 4.4 A classification of surface waters of the world based on ratios of sodium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate, in relation to total dissolved salts. As one proceeds from left to right along the lower arm, inputs shift from a dominance of rock dissolution to a dominance of precipitation. The majority of...
Pterodactyloids
The first fossils of short-tailed Pterodactyloidea were discovered in the Upper Jurassic strata of Europe. They were assigned to the genus Pterodactylus (Fig. 55 'flight finger'), and possessed all the typical features of pterosaurs. Many different species of Pterodactylus have been found, varying mainly in size and the shape of the head. Their narrow jaws and sharp teeth suggest that they must have been mainly piscivorous, like most of the rhamphorhynchoids. Nothing is known about the direct...
Cryogenics: Freeze Your Melon, Man
Walt Disney famously didn't do it (it was an urban legend), but Simon Cowell has been telling people he actually will. I'm talking about cryogenics freezing your body in liquid nitrogen only to have it revived in the future, when the human race has come up with a cure for death. It will also need to have come up with a cure for destruction on the cellular level, but never mind about that now, there's a desperate lie that needs to be sold It makes sense that Cowell, one of the architects of the...
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a process that causes a population's allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next simply as a result of chance. This happens because reproductive success within a population is variable, with some individuals producing more offspring than others. As a result, not all alleles will be reproduced to the same extent, and therefore allele frequencies will fluctuate from one generation to the next. Because genetic drift alters allele frequencies in a purely random...
Water Uptake in Deserts Animals
Vertebrates are able to obtain water from three sources 1 free water, 2 moisture contained in food, and 3 metabolic water formed during the process of cellular respiration. Some are able to receive water from all three sources, while others are able to exploit only one or two methods. Highly mobile animals tend to be restricted to the use of open water sources that are often sparse and far between. Typical examples are desert birds that fly in regular intervals to the few bodies of water...
What Do Elephants Eat? See The Foods Of An Elephant
Elephants are the largest terrestrial animals that exist in the world. Only whales are larger however as we all know they live in the ocean. There are two types of elephants. They are the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Elephants can live up to 65 years in the wild but only an average of 33 years in captivity. They can stand 13 feet high and weigh as much as 15,500 pounds. These are very large animals who are intelligent, live in family units and are lead by the oldest in the unit.
The Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods
In contrast to the Triassic, the Jurassic period (205-145 mya) was a time of moist climates and luxurious forests. The first flowering of giant dinosaurs began towards the end of the Early Jurassic, and a wealth of dinosaurian fossils has been found in Late Jurassic strata. Indeed, the Late Jurassic was the time during which the largest of the dinosaurs existed. In many ways, the climates of the Cretaceous (145-65 mya) resembled those of the Jurassic, but towards the end of the period the world...
Energy Storage and Expenditure
The snow creaks under our winter boots as we walk along the snow scooter track to our study site. The cold is overwhelming, and though we have been walking for an hour, we do not feel warm. The air is perfectly still, and the heavy snow on the branches of the surrounding conifers absorbs all sounds. When we arrive at the bait station, we spill some seeds onto the feeding tray and retire to the nearby trees. The seeds soon attract the attention of some willow tits. It is astonishing that these...
What Do Jellyfish Eat: Things You Need To Know
What jellyfish eat is a very common query asked by people over the internet. Students are looking for information about the jellyfish diet for their science or biology class. Hobbyist who are planning to get a jellyfish from the wild or pet shop are also wondering about the food of this weird, yet fascinating creature.
Fluvial Processes along the River Continuum
We are now familiar with many of the principal features of streams, including the shape of their channels, the lateral connection to the flood-plain, the presence of riffles, pools, and meanders, and the sediments of the streambed and its banks. These features vary along the river's course from headwaters to lowlands, and with regional differences in climate and terrain. As stated earlier, streams seek a state of dynamic equilibrium between the imposed conditions of valley slope, discharge, and...
What do Peacocks Eat in the Wild and as Pets?
Because of its fascinating appearance, peacocks have been widely domesticated as pets. People are amazed when a peacock (male bird) begins to walk around and display its magnificent tail feathers. Peacock belongs to the pheasant family. Just like their cousins, peacocks also have a diverse and interesting diet. Naturally, peacocks are considered as ground eaters and will eat smaller animals that they might find along the way.
From Birth to the Opening of the Eyes
Infant weasels look rather alike in all species, both in their appearance at birth and in their early physical development. They are all born completely helpless, and all grow in the same way, but least and common weasels develop more rapidly than do stoats and longtails, and they reach the milestones of development at younger ages Table 9.3 . For example, although young stoats and longtails are born larger than young common weasels, they grow more slowly, and are 6 to 8 weeks old before they...
Manslaughter by elephants
Each year elephants kill several hundred people. The available records from Asia and Africa indicate that the largest number of such manslaughter incidents occur, by far, in India, followed possibly by Sri Lanka. In India, during 19802000, about 150-200 people on average lost their lives due to attack by elephants each year a total of 3,000-4,000 people over these two decades (table 8.3). Information from Sri Lanka suggests that over 50 people are killed annually. Similar figures are suggested...
Top 5 Hottest Places in the World
Summer is officially here That means it's time for beach getaways, camping trips, amusement parks and barbecues. It also means it's time for sweat, sunburns, and sweltering hot temperatures. Sure, a relaxing day at the beach has some appeal, but when you factor in temperatures of 85 F (29.4 C) or higher, that appeal tends to disappear pretty fast. When we get stuck outside in that nasty summer heat, we'll wish for any form of cooling be it a breeze, a swim, or even a snow storm in July.
What Do Emperor Penguins Eat?
This article will answer the question what do emperor penguins eat both in the wild and in captivity. It will also show you some remarkable facts about this wonderful bird species. sc name adsense The Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and biggest of all known species of penguins and is native to Antarctica. Emperor penguins are amazing creatures. They have a white stomach, a black head and black tail, backs and wings.
How to Prevent Air Cooler Water and Cooling Pads from Developing a Stink?
Indian homeowners have always preferred air coolers over air conditioning because it is more economical to acquire, run and maintain an air cooler. With the summer temperatures boiling over average, buying an air cooler can bring the much-needed respite for you and your family. However, poorly maintained air coolers can develop a musty smell over time due to the water getting stagnant.
What Do Dragonflies Eat?
In this article, we will discuss the type of food that dragonflies in its natural habitat. What are dragonflies There are over 5,000 species of dragonflies. Dragonflies are insects that belong to the order Odonata, which means toothed one . This is because dragonflies have sharp serrated teeth. They are further categorized into the group, or clade, known as Anisoptera. This comes from the Greek words anisos pteron , which translates as uneven wing .
Suspension Feeders
B T Hentschel, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA J Shimeta, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. What Is Suspension Feeding Organisms That Suspension Feed Mechanisms of Particle Contact Retaining Contacted Particles Suspension Feeding in More Complicated Flow Regimes Ecological Interactions Related to Suspension Feeding Further Reading Suspension feeding is the capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water....
Clitellata Oligochaetes and Leeches
Unlike polychaetes, the clitellates exhibit a relatively uniform body plan with homogeneous segmentation. The oligochaetes and leeches are united in this class by the clitellum, a reproductive structure that produces mucous cocoons. Clitellates are hermaphroditic, with single individuals capable of producing sperm and eggs. Development is direct (no tro-chophore larvae) from eggs deposited in cocoons. The subclass Oligochaeta contains more than 6,000 species distributed among at least...
Patterns of Succession
Two types of succession can be recognized. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed substrates (e.g., lava flows, uplifted marine deposits, dunes, newly deposited beaches, etc.). Primary succession usually involves a long period of soil formation and colonization by species requiring little substrate modification. Secondary succession occurs on sites where the previous community was disturbed and is influenced by remnant substrate and surviving individuals. Although most studies of succession...
What Do Humpback Whales Eat?
Humpback whales are found in every ocean on Earth. They are intelligent creatures, that live in groups called pods. The average humpback whale weighs around 35 tons, or 80,000 lbs, and can grow up to 50 feet in length, so the definitive answer to what do humpback whales eat is definitely a lot of food The scientific name for the humpback whale is Megaptera novaeangliae'. They are mammals known as cetaceans.
Top Interesting Facts About The One-horned Rhino
One-horned Rhinos in kaziranga National park, Photo credit Debabrata Bandyopadhyay Wildlife enthusiasts love to flaunt their knowledge about different species. If you are from the same group or wish to be a part of it, then have a look at the top interesting facts about the one-horned rhinoceros and sharpen your knowledge base. Rhino horn is not a bone but a compacted mass of hairs Keratin is the substance that makes the horn of rhinos.
Weight and Size Limits
The body proportions of animals are affected by a number of considerations, probably the most important of which are the ratios of size to mass. If two individuals were to have exactly the same shape, but one was twice as long as the other, all other linear dimensions would be double those of the smaller individual. The surface area would, however, be the square of the surface area of the smaller individual, while its mass would be cubed. Thus, if a reptile 3 m in length with a surface area of...
Social life
From the dietary variation that I have described, occurring between and within species, it appears that the food of various otter species does not differ all that much. It varies with size of otters, with availability, with region, but, compared with most other carnivores, as a group otters are highly specialized feeders. It is all the more interesting, therefore, that their social organizations vary so greatly, especially as, amongst carnivores, social organization is often strongly affected...
Detritivores and specialist microbivores
The microbivores are a group of animals that operate alongside the detritivores, and which can be difficult to distinguish from them. The name microbivore is reserved for the minute animals that specialize at feeding on microflora, and are able to ingest bacteria or fungi but exclude detritus from their guts. Exploitation of the two major groups of microflora requires quite different feeding techniques, principally because of differences in growth form. Bacteria and yeasts show a colonial...
An Innovative Control of Shoreline Erosion
In addition to the traditional problems of agriculture-related erosion, erosion control for natural ecosystems Figure 1 Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. Photographer Jack Dykinga, http Figure 1 Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. Photographer Jack Dykinga, http Figure 2 Wind erosion on Ulen fine sandy loam, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA. Photographer Adrian Fox, http Photo 20File FrontAgr3.jpg. Figure 2 Wind...
Plants and plant parts in the diet
The ancient Sangam literature (first-fourth centuries a.d.) of the Tamils makes numerous references to the elephant's fondness of bark. There is also an interesting observation that a pregnant elephant would abort its fetus if it fed on the young shoots of bamboo, one of the earliest references to a plant toxin (today, it is known that growing shoots of many plants may be protected from herbivory through the production of cyanogenic compounds). Most modern-day elephant observers in Africa and...
How much do solar energy panels cost?
Despite the increasing availability environmentally-friendly solar energy panels most Americans are still resistant to utilizing this service in their own home because of perceptions of high costs. In a study released just last week researchers from Applied Materials found that 48 of Americans would not consider solar energy panels in their home at this time. However, there was a catch. More than 80 of these same people said that they would change their mind if it meant saving money.
What Do Arctic Foxes Eat?
What do arctic foxes eat The Arctic fox, sometimes known as the snow fox, polar fox or white fox, are both hunters and opportunistic feeders. This article aims to discuss information regarding the arctic foxes diet in detail. What do arctic foxes eat Arctic foxes are predators so they hunt small rodents such as lemmings. Arctic foxes also eat insects, birds, eggs, and fish.
Basic Definitions
The water hydrologic cycle Figure 3 depicts transport of water and its conversion in different statuses as it circulates throuth both local and global systems. Water exists in three basic states of aggregation liquid, solid, and gas. Conversion from one state to another is associated with either release or consumption of energy. The water cycle is composed of many components inter connected in a web of complex interactions. Water vapor is able to move fast both...
What Do Woodpeckers Eat?
Woodpeckers are part of the Picidae family of birds. Members of this family are found all over the world, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extremely cold polar regions of the planet. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known to live in desert areas, and peck at cactus instead of trees.
Aquatic Cuisine: What Do Lobsters Eat Before We Eat Them?
Think of a steamed lobster with seared mushrooms in front of you, with the tasty combination of thyme and butter. Lobster toast on your other side and Maine Lobster Roll a few inches away from the knife and fork that you are holding. Just the thought of these things makes me hungry. One can never deny the tasty goodness of these aquatic animals.
What do Moose Eat? Life and Feeding Habits
Given you have been to the wilderness of Canada, North America or Russia, you may have already encountered them. For one, it is nearly impossible to not see their screaming antlers and stern appearance. Not to mention the vivid description of them in media, in cartoons or in documentaries. Yes, you probably guessed it right, the creature that I am talking about are Moose.
Positive Interactions
Positive interactions are cooperative relationships between species that result in better growth, reproduction, and survival for at least one species involved in the interaction, without negatively affecting the other species (Morin, 1999 Stiling, 1999). Positive interactions influence biodiversity by creating alliances between species that allow them to coexist. The benefits of these associations are numerous. They include the provision of food, habitat, and more specialized services such as...
Echinoderms
The Phylum Echinodermata consists of at least 6,500 living species in six named classes, which include sea stars, sea urchins, and related animals. The beauty, appeal, and importance of living and fossil echinoderms have been recognized since ancient times. They have ranked among the most conspicuous marine animals since the Cambrian and are distributed today from the intertidal zone to the deepest ocean trenches, often in immense numbers they are of considerable ecological significance....
Industrial Revolution Industrialization
The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial society began only about 250 years ago, but its consequences for the natural world are almost unprecedented. The major innovation that marks the industrial era is the exploitation of the earth's vast stocks of fossil fuel. The availability of more energy per capita has led to undreamed of material wealth for a significant percentage of the world's population, but it has also put tremendous pressure on land and natural resources. The major...
What Do Worms Eat?
Earthworms can be found almost anywhere where there is moisture and decaying material to eat. There are approximately 2700 kinds of worms in the world. You may find a large number of worms in a specific area. With excellent conditions, lots of organic material and the right amount of moisture there can be approximately 1 million worms in 1 acre of land.
Mysterious Trails In The Skies Of Malta
A few weeks ago the blue skies of Malta were covered with persistent white lines that looked like airplane trails, but according to some are more likely to be what are sometimes called chemtrails . In theory, chemtrails differ from trails in that they last much longer than traces left by airplanes. Airplane trails or contrails , depending on weather conditions and altitude, can last five minutes or, as the trails over the skies of Malta did, hours.
Otter dens or holts
Even in otter societies where several adults share a home range, it rarely, if ever, happens that adult individuals simultaneously use a 'holt' (den), unless they are moving around together in a group. They clearly avoid having to share a bed, even if the holt is a sizeable one, and their scent marking behaviour helps in this (see Chapter 6). In group ranges, holts are used on a time-share basis. There are large differences between the resting sites of otters of various species. They vary from...
Black Bears in the Oak Forest
While black bears can and do live in a variety of habitats, they are uniquely adapted to a forest existence. Their sharp, recurved claws make them excellent climbers, and they are often seen feeding high in the tops of oak trees (Pelton 1989). Throughout much of their range, adult females den in trees and give birth to their cubs in tree cavities high off Figure 15.1. Current distribution of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) in North America. Figure 15.1. Current distribution of the...
What Do Arctic Wolves Eat?
Let us answer the question what do arctic wolves eat and discuss some interesting facts about this rare wolf species diet. The Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos), referred to as the Polar Wolf or White Wolf, is a mammal of family Canidae and a subspecies of the Grey Wolf. They can usually be found in the Canadian Arctic and also the northern regions of Greenland.
What Do Komodo Dragons Eat?
This article aims to answer the question what do komodo dragons eat. We will also discuss important informations regarding the Komodo dragon diet. Heavy, strong and deadly, the Komodo dragon has been a subject for fascination among scientists. They're so notorious they remind us of a mythical creature the dragon. And that's probably the reason why we call them dragons. These large lizards dominate their ecosystems with their ferocity and appetite.
Top 5 Most Polluted Cities in the World
We all know this. It endangers animals and ecosystems, contaminates water supplies, and (worst of all) it contributes to Global Warming. A big factor of air pollution is all the emissions from cars, factories and so forth. It's a problem that can be found across the globe, in small towns and large cities. Unfortunately, there are some places where the pollution levels have gotten ridiculously out of hand and reversing the effects would take a miracle.
Sprainting behaviour and other scent communication
An otter spraint is usually tiny, no more than a small dollop of faeces. Both river otters and Eurasian otters usually produce spraints that are grey or black and tarry, with fish bones, shapeless, sometimes very liquid but, if solid, generally less than 1-2 cm across. Even a human nose can smell the insignificant, fishy-reeking objects several metres away, at least during the first hour after an animal has been there. Spraints are incontrovertible evidence of the passage of an otter, and are...
The importance of transfer efficiencies in determining energy pathways
The proportions of net primary production that flow along each of the possible energy pathways depend on transfer efficiencies in the way energy is used and passed from one step to the next. A knowledge of the values ofjust three categories of transfer efficiency is all that is required to predict the pattern of energy flow. These are consumption efficiency CE assimilation efficiency AE and production efficiency PE . the relative importance of energy pathways depends on three transfer...
The Grassland Environment
Grassland climates can be described as wet or dry, hot or cold (typically in the same season), but on average are intermediate between the climates of deserts and forests. The climate of grasslands is best described as one of extremes. Average temperatures and yearly amounts of rainfall may not be much different from desert or forested areas, but dry periods during which the plants suffer from water stress occur in most years in both temperate and tropical grasslands. An excellent example of...
What Do Bearded Dragons Eat?
This post is about one of the most popular lizards in the pet trade the bearded dragon. But while it is one of the most rewarding lizards you can keep as a pet, it is also one of the most sensitive. Thus, you need to be careful about what you're feeding it with. This section will give you a list of the bearded dragon's natural diet and other foods within the bearded dragon food chart. And in the later section, we listed foods you shouldn't feed your pet with.
Orang pendek: le freak chic
In the jungles of the Indonesian island of Sumatra there might live some kind of upright-walking ape-man with long, heavy metal hair. Several zoologists and plenty of connoisseurs of the weird believe so. And local Indonesian lore is chock full of tales and eyewitness accounts of the orang pendek. Native Sumatrans don't even consider the ape a mythical or magical creature, just another of the forest's inhabitants.
Rangeland models
The range succession model based on the Clementsian theory of ecological succession formed the conceptual framework for most grazing management up to the 1980s. It is supposed that, in the absence of grazing, a rangeland has a single persistent state (the climax), whereas grazing causes continuous and reversible transitions of the grassland state along a single, monotonic gradient between an undisturbed climax and an overgrazed subclimax vegetation state. Therefore,...
Longleaf Pine24
Usually found on sandy lands and often accompanied by turkey oak and other scrub hardwoods, longleaf pines also seed-in on moist sites subjected to drought where the soil has been exposed. Fire exposes the mineral soil as flames consume pine straw lying on the forest floor. Pure stands give way to mixtures with loblolly, slash, and shortleaf pines in loamy flatwoods and along the streams of the lower Coastal Plain. Longleaf pines grow on clay as well as sandy lands, regardless of fertility.
Assumptions and evidence for the existence of metapopulations in nature
The different types of metapopulations described above (mainland-island, classical, source-sink, patchy, and non-equilibrium) are all variations on the same themes. Local extinctions are commonplace, there is an equilibrium involving colonization and extinction rates, and so on. They differ in the levels of detail, whether they allow for patches to be of different quality, whether they allow for differing levels of connectivity between patches, and whether they include local population...
Implications of Population Dynamic and Metapopulation Theory for Restoration
For many who have tried to restore viable self-sustaining populations to the wild, there has come a great sense of humility and wonder at the complexity of systems that have a deceiving appearance of simplicity. Many early attempts at restoring populations met with low success, because of this naive perception that it would be simple and quick (examples in Falk et al. 1996). But experience has taught us otherwise. Understanding how populations change in the face of spatial and temporal...
Efficient and Eco-Friendly: The Best Room Air Coolers on the Market
Looking for an air cooler to keep you cool during Delhi's notoriously hot summers Here is a list of smart air coolers which will fit your individual needs. Our list includes desert air coolers for large rooms, portable air coolers for home, office and shops, and compact air coolers for small rooms. Also, we have consciously included air coolers that can run on inverters for our review to help you keep things cool during long power cuts. Powerful air cooler for large rooms Honeywell D60M.
A primary succession on basaltic volcanic1644 Primary succession on coastal sand dunes
Was inferred from a known chrono- An extensive chronosequence of dune- sequence 16, 37, 125 and gt 800 years old capped beach ridges has been under- Figure 16.9a . In the 16-year-old flow, taken on the coast of Lake Michigan soil was very sparse and lacking in in the USA. Thirteen ridges of known importance of seed availability rather than facilitation in sand dune succession Colonization of Alnus and Reynoutria Facilitation by N fixation of Alnus Colonization of Prunus and Machilus Rapid...