4 Types Of Sand Dunes
Most people think of sand dunes when they hear the word dune. However, a dune is any landmass created by deposited material that forms a low mound or ridge of sediment. Dunes can be formed by sediments of different sizes or even snow. They are formed when wind blows sediments, mostly from the same direction, until it encounters an obstruction of some sort. The wind slows and drops the heavier particles, which then build up and add to the size of the original obstruction.
Simple Midwest Dreams: Tiny House Living in Indiana
Many of us have grown disenchanted with the idea of a large, sprawling residence filled with things simplistic living with just the essentials helps us focus on what's really important in life, encouraging us to be more active and to cherish experiences, not belongings. This is especially true in Indiana, known for its tight-knit communities and Midwestern hospitality. Still, you have some important decisions to make when choosing this pared-down lifestyle.
Navigating the World of Loans in Arizona
Figuring out finances is one of the necessities of becoming an adult. Some might see it as a privilege to understand money practices better while others see it as a burden. The reality is our society is dependent upon money, and if you want to build a successful life, you have to know how to make smart decisions with your finances. One product that you will likely encounter multiple times in your lifetime is a loan.
Soil Exhaustion in the Tobacco South
Historian Avery O. Craven, in Soil Exhaustion in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606-1860 1926 , maintained that soil exhaustion and tobacco cultivation went hand in hand.10 Tobacco rapidly depleted the soil, hence luxuriant crops could be grown for only three or four years. Soon after planting, soil nutrients especially nitrogen and potassium began to decline and soil microorganisms created toxins that poisoned tobacco plants. Soil fungi and root rot resulted from continual...
Off Grid Home Size Earth Generator
If SHTF, and the grid goes down it's nice to know that if you had to start all over again you could generate electricity with some simple materials. This video shows you how the concept for making a dirt powered home size earth generator using only cheap conductor metals, dirt and water. These power cells for this earth generator could be placed in both parallel and series to produce usable power for your home. If you want to be off grid this may give you some great ideas.
Inviting Nature Onto Your Mechanicsburg, PA Property
Living in accordance with nature is something everyone, no matter where they live, needs to make part of their lifelong ethos. However, it can feel difficult to do when we live in a world that is so disconnected from the environment, forcing us to balance the needs of Mother Earth with our need to fit in with neighbors and the community at large.
The Effects Of Acid Rain On Forests And Agriculture
Sulfuric and nitric acids are detrimental to all plant life. Even if the soil is well-buffered, forests can be damaged by acid fog. Acid deposition of all sorts ruins the waxy coatings of leaves, harming the tree's ability to exchange water and gases with the atmosphere. Trees weakened by acid experience slower growth or injury and are more vulnerable to stresses such as pests or drought.
Internal and External Recycling
Most people associate recycling with items such as newspapers, magazines, plastics, aluminum, and glass. The recovery, reprocessing, and reuse of materials from used items is called external recycling and requires public participation. A second type of recycling, internal recycling, is the reuse of waste materials from manufacturing and does not involve the general public. For example, the manufacture production of copper items results in wasted copper pieces with internal recycling, these...
Glacial Till and Moraines
Rock pulverized by shifting ice is gathered and carried downhill as the glacier moves. As temperatures increase and or a great distance is traveled, the glacial ice begins to melt. When this happens, rock is deposited as a sediment called glacial till. Large boulders picked up in one place and dropped in another by a glacier are called erratics since their composition doesn't usually match surrounding rock where they are found. When glacial till becomes rock lithifies , it is known as tillite,...
A Laws Of Horizontal Motion
There are four controls on the horizontal movement of air near the earth's surface the pressure-gradient force, the Coriolis force, centripetal acceleration, and frictional forces. The primary cause of air movement is the development of a horizontal pressure gradient through spatial differences in surface heating and consequent changes in air density and pressure. The fact that such a gradient can persist rather than being destroyed by air motion towards the low pressure results from the effect...
Deontological environmental ethics
This extract comes from a chapter on normative ethics in a book on environmental philosophy. Robert Elliot discussed human-centred, non-human-centred and consequentialist environmental ethics before this section and virtue-based environmental ethics afterwards. Deontological ethical theories tend to focus on 'doing what's right' and on moral duties, principles, rules and rights, largely independent of consequences.
Methanol and the Environment
Methanol is emitted into the atmosphere from a number of natural sources, including volcanoes, vegetation, microbes, insects, animals and decomposing organic matter 169 . The anthropogenic (human-caused) release of methanol into the environment is presently mainly due to its use as a solvent through evaporation. Releases to the water and ground are less significant. In the environment, methanol is readily degraded by photooxidation and biodegradation processes. This is, beside other reasons,...
Holmes Rolston Iii 1
Holmes Rolston III is widely recognized as the 'father' of environmental ethics as an academic discipline. Although others planted seeds before Rolston, theirs were mainly inspirational. More so than any other, he has shaped the essential nature, scope and issues of the discipline. Throughout Rolston's many books and articles, he holds that intrinsic value entails duties. In Environmental Ethics, he states Duties arise to the individual animals and plants that are produced as loci of intrinsic...
Ernst Haeckel and the Origins of Ecology
Ecology derives from the Greek word oikos, meaning household, and is the study of the relationships among organisms and their surroundings. The science was named by German biologist Ernst Haeckel 1834-1919 , who introduced the term in several works in the 1860s and 1870s, first in German and then in English, inspiring others to develop the science. In his Generelle Morphologie General Morphology, 1866 , Haeckel included a section entitled Oecologie und Chorologie, in which he defined ecology as...
Eco-Friendly and Efficient - Best Off-Grid Washing Machines
When it comes to off-grid living, finding the perfect washing machine can be a challenging task. The ideal unit should be efficient, durable, and compatible with your energy resources. In this article, we will discuss the key features to look for in a top-notch off-grid washing machine. A durable washing machine is essential for off-grid living, as repairs and replacements can be challenging in remote areas. Look for machines with robust construction and high-quality materials that are built to last.
Classification of Communicable Diseases
No biological system is perfect and communicable diseases in particular are not readily classified however, any grouping makes it easier to understand and remember, so the objective of this short chapter is to look at the different ways this can be done. A disease is a morbid condition of the body (e.g. measles or plague). As the cause of diseases were discovered, they became identified by the causative organism, such as trypanosomiasis or pneumococcal meningitis, but confusion arose because...
The Winner Of The Bruce Lee vs Chuck Norris Real Fight
According to all those that cast their votes in the Bruce Lee vs Chuck Norris real fight scenario, it's a lopsided win for one of the fighters. A few people gave some pretty good resons why they felt their guy would win. In the post Who Would Win In A Real Fight Bruce Lee vs Chuck Norris I showed you 2 videos, one of each fighter to help you make a decision. I'd like to bring up a few of things before I tell you who the winner would be.
A Brief History of Alternative Fuels
The history of alternative fuels goes back to the very first days of the car industry. In 1900, more than half the cars were running on ethanol, steam, and electricity.9 Many of Karl Benz's early diesel engines ran on peanut oil, a biofuel. Henry Ford's first car ran on alcohol, and his wife, Clara, drove an electric vehicle. Thomas Edison invested considerable time and money in improving batteries. Electric vehicles were the safest, quietest cars on the road. Back then, petroleum fuels were...
Here's How to Throw A Combat Knife With No Spin So It Sticks Everytime
Whether you're a beginner, or a little more advanced you'll find the knife throwing techniques in this video absolutely work. People who have been throwing knives of different shapes, and sizes for only a few days can get them to stick every time from what they learn here. To throw a knife like a professional, you need proper instruction and lots of practice. The fundamental throwing movement for hurling a knife is uncomplicated.
Background Leakage and Backlog Removal
Background leakage is generally defined as the leakage below the level of detection with current technology . The level of background leakage can be assessed using a number of methodologies.7 However, the level of background leakage is a function of the extent and method of leakage detection employed, which itself will have different operating costs associated with different levels of leakage. Therefore, a matrix of leakage detection costs versus level of background leakage can be derived, from...
Periodic Table Of The Elements
Atomic number -Symbol -Atomic mass - The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope for that element. The names and symbols for elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118 are temporary. Final names will be selected when the elements' discoveries are verified. Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are smaller particles called electrons. An electron e has little mass, but it has a negative electric charge that is exactly the same magnitude as the positive charge of a...
Polar and Ferrel cells
Extremely cold, dense air also subsides over the North and South Poles. It produces the two polar high-pressure regions. Air flows out from them and is deflected to become the polar easterly winds. Any object moving toward or away from the equator and not firmly attached to the surface does not travel in a straight line. As the diagram illustrates. It is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Moving air and water tend to follow a clockwise...
The Nature of Science
tl Eureka Slide SuperStock, tr Gavriel Jecan CORBIS, bl Stockbyte SuperStock, br Bob O'Connor Getty Images, bkgd Science VU GSFC Visuals Unlimited Earth scientists use specific methods to investigate Earth and beyond. Earth science encompasses five areas of study astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and environmental science. Jjjdjea Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations. Precise communication is crucial for scientists to share their...
Plants Poisonous To Ducks | And Other Things Ducks Shouldn't Eat
There are a few plants that can be poisonous to ducks that we need to watch out for. Our livestock animals are pretty good at avoiding toxic plants instinctively. However, it's good to know what not to throw to your ducks just to be safe I made a list but it's closer to the bottom of the post. In between that there are a bunch of individual questions answered.
Theories of ice ages past and future
What causes a warm world of flowing water and verdant growth to become a cold world of dry winds raking arid landscape This question has been the object of a long and continuing rumination, of more than a century of field investigation, theorizing, and debate. Along the way, a new history of Earth's climate has been written and a science of paleoclimatology invented. And yet, for all of the new techniques and powers of reasoning at their command, researchers cannot satisfactorily answer the...
Symbols In General
The temperature data on a weather map gives an indication of the locations of fronts, where air masses having different characteristics come together. Most severe weather occurs near fronts. The isobars are kinked along the line of an intense or fast-moving front. Stormy weather tends to occur near these zones. Weather fronts are plotted as lines with bumps or barbs that indicate the type of front and the direction of movement. There are four major types of fronts. In a cold front, a cold air...
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act
The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act Eagle Protection Act was passed in 1940 to prevent the extinction of the bald eagle and was amended in 1962 to include protection of the golden eagles 16 USC 668-668d . The Eagle Protection Act makes it unlawful to take, possess, sell, purchase, barter transport, export or import any bald eagle or golden eagle, their parts, nests, or eggs 16 USC 668 a . Take means to shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture, trap, collect, molest or disturb, the eagles 16...
Aloe Vera Turning Brown | Troubleshooting Common Issues With Aloe Vera
It's a huge bummer when you see an aloe looking a little sad. If your aloe vera is turning brown and soft , then it may have some issues. Did you know Aloe vera is native to Africa It's considered a tropical plant, that is drought tolerant. Aloe is a succulent, and like many succulents, it has the ability to flower . Aloe vera is typically easy to grow.
Landforms of cold environments
Cold climates are known for many distinct types of landforms. These landforms are associated with freezing and subfreezing temperatures along with the presence of water. Cold climate processes are often linked to frost action. During the last major ice age, ice covered nearly one-third of the Earth's surface. The Northern Hemisphere was buried under a massive ice sheet up to 2 miles (3.2 km) thick in places. The ice extended from the North Pole southward to southern Illinois. Greenland was...
Battery AH Ratings. C5, C20 and C100. What Does This Mean?
Part of designing an independent power system is calculating the amount of amp hours (AHs) your battery bank will need to keep your system operating between charges. All manufacturers provide amp hour ratings for their deep cycle batteries to try and make battery selection easy. However the problems begin when you see the same battery will have multiple AH ratings .
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
N deS Sediments produced by weathering and erosion form sedimentary rocks through the process of lithification. Real-World Reading Link Whenever you are outside, you might see pieces of broken rock, sand, and soil on the ground. What happens to this material With one heavy rain, these pieces of broken rock, sand, and soil could be on their way to becoming part of a sedimentary rock. Wherever rock is exposed at Earth's surface, it is continuously being broken down by weathering a set of physical...
Operant Conditioning
Although classical conditioning is relevant to current ecological issues, many Skinnerian analyses of operant principles have been applied directly (e.g., Nevin, 1985 Skinner, 1985, 1991). In fact, Skinner was one of the first psychologists to repeatedly relate the issues of resource depletion, pollution, and overpopulation to human survival. His best-selling novel Walden Two (1948) explored the question of utopia from a behavioral perspective, and is a thoughtful and provocative look at how...
Cold Fronts
The basic feature of a cold front is the insinuation of a heavy, cold air mass under a lighter, warm one. The result of the cold air's advance is often the pattern of uplift, subsidence, clouds and rainfall shown in Figure 13.3, the classical Figure 13.2 Conventional depiction of the most common types of fronts and a trough on weather charts. The half-circles and or triangles are plotted on the forward side of the front. Figure 13.2 Conventional depiction of the most common types of fronts and...
Can Chickens Eat Apples? Do Apples Make Good Treats?
If you have chickens, you probably already know that they make pretty good garbage disposals. They eat almost everything in sight. Understanding what chickens can and cannot eat can be a little tricky. Today we're going to focus on apples. Can chickens eat apples GIVING CHICKENS TREATS LIKE APPLESGiving chickens treats can be a great way to entertain or distract them, especially when tension is high, while you're adding chickens to your flock.
Disadvantages Of Geothermal
Geothermal energy has few polluting problems itself, but there are some drawbacks in its processing. For example, steam can sometimes bring up toxic heavy metals, sulfur, minerals, salts, radon, and toxic gases. If water or steam is vented above ground as in an open-loop system, it can pollute. Scrubbers can filter out toxic components, but they produce hazardous sludge that has to be disposed of later. As we learned in Chapter 12, hazardous waste contaminates soil and potentially groundwater....
Assessment
Choose the vocabulary term from the Study Guide that 1. influenced by vegetation, precipitation, soil composition, and slope 2. the land area whose water drains into a stream 3. sediments that are transported by streams but are too large to be held up in suspension 4. the measure of the volume of stream water that flows over a particular location within a given period of time 5. the triangular deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water such as a lake or ocean 6....
The cold front
The weather conditions observed at cold fronts are equally variable, depending upon the stability of the warm sector air and the vertical motion relative to the frontal zone. The classical cold front model is of the ana-type, and the cloud is usually cumulonimbus. Figure 9.15 illustrates the warm conveyor belt associated with such a frontal zone and the line convection. Over the British Isles, air in the warm sector is rarely unstable, so that nimbostratus occurs more frequently at the cold...
Cheese And Onion Enchiladas | No-Bake Easy Enchiladas
These are the easiest enchiladas that you'll ever make. These Cheese and Onion Enchiladas use my amazing Quick Enchilada Sauce Recipe. Which only takes about 10 minutes to make In just a minute I'm going to reveal to you why these enchiladas are so quick to make and so easy. Believe me, these are special and clever Featuring The Stacked Cheese And Onion Enchiladas Maybe like me, you learned to make rolled enchiladas, it wasn't until we lived in Texas that I even saw a flat or stacked enchilada.
Pueblo Indians and the Southwest
In the American Southwest, a long history of environmental adaptation by Amerindians preceded the arrival of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century a.d. Early peoples changed and evolved over time in relationship to changing environmental conditions. Paleo-Indians (meaning ancient or very ancient) lived in the Southwest from about 11,500 to 8,000 b.p. (before present) by hunting mammoth and bison. The Clovis culture derives its name from the long pointed arrowheads, found first in Clovis, New...
European Settlement of the Great Plains
The main settlement of the Great Plains occurred after the 1840 migrations to Oregon and the 1849 Gold Rush to California. Environmental historian William Cronon has interpreted the history of the Great Plains in terms of narrative. The grand narrative of America, Cronon argues, is a story of progress. The frontier narrative depicts that formative story and, as such, is the master narrative of American culture. A hostile environment, initially conceptualized as a Great American desert, was...
Factors That Affect Hurricane Tracks
Upon analysis of past hurricane paths and their relationship to the surrounding weather systems, a correlation can be found between hurricane tracks and the conditions in the temperate zone. When a large area of low pressure exists to the west of a hurricane, the storm will at first be drawn toward this low-pressure region. Then the hurricane will be steered around the eastern edge of the low, where the winds come from the south. The hurricane moves northward into the belt of prevailing...
The Layers Of The Atmosphere
The composition of atmospheric gases is about the same at different altitudes, with the important exception of the ozone layer. Despite being similar in its composition throughout, the atmosphere is divided into layers that are defined primarily by temperature gradient, which is the change of temperature that occurs with distance or, in this case, altitude . The layer nearest the Earth's surface, rising from sea level to about 6 miles 11 km , is the troposphere. The primary heat source for the...
36 Paracord Projects For Preppers
First thing's first you have to make sure you know what you're working with. Check out Paracord 101 for more information on paracord before you start on your projects. With that, you should be all set to delve into these 36 paracord projects for preppers. 1. Paracord BeltKeep your paracord close to you with this versatile, functional DIY.
Raising Baby Ducks For Beginners
Ducks are a popular animal to raise on a homestead. Many people like ducks even more than they like their chickens My husband being one of those people. He says all the time that he wishes we started with ducks. Since we've been raising ducks for a few years now, I thought I would write about raising baby ducks for beginners . Ducks are so much fun and have great personalities.
Average Annual Temperature Sahara Desert In Salah Algeria
MEDITERRANEAN SEA Algiers__Amiaba ji lt . DuaqadouooiV Bamako o , Atacama Desert, which lies along the coast of Chile. Atacama Desert, which lies along the coast of Chile. There is a striking difference between the Sahara and the Atacama Desert. The Sahara borders the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, but it is a huge area, most of which is a long way from the sea. The Atacama, on the other hand, comprises a narrow coastal strip bordering the South Pacific Ocean. The Namib Desert,...
Visualizing Erosion and Deposition in a Meander
Figure 9.15 As the water travels down a meander, the area of maximum velocity changes. As shown in cross-section A, when the meander is straight, the maximum velocity is located near the center. When the meander curves, the maximum velocity shifts to the outside of the curve, as shown in cross-section B. As the meander travels around to cross-section C, the maximum velocity shifts again to the outside of the curve. Erosion occurs around curves in the meander in areas of high velocity. The high...
The Settlement of New England
The settlement of New England by English Pilgrims and Puritans was motivated by religious desires and economic needs. The two groups Pilgrims and Puritans who came to New England differed slightly from each other. The Pilgrims (who were religious separatists) arrived onboard the Mayflower and settled Plymouth Colony in 1620, whereas the Puritans (who had hoped to purify the church from within) left England in a vast migration in 1630 and settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony. These two groups...
3 Awesome Reasons For Feeding Pumpkin To Chickens
Have you ever thought about whether chickens can eat pumpkins Fall time is in the air, and the pumpkin patches are open. The chickens will be so excited to get a special treat this season With extra nutrition and added fun, let's check out the reasons for feeding pumpkin to chickens . Chickens love snacking on pumpkins and their seeds. The best part is that it's a snack that will last for days What I like to do is to cut the pumpkin in half to help get it started for the chickens.
Underground Storage Tank
Leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) containing hazardous liquids, primarily petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, or oil have contaminated the groundwater and drinking water of thousands of communities across the United States. Following the boom in automobile sales after World War II, gasoline stations mushroomed across the county to meet the demand for personal mobility. At these new stations, gasoline was stored underground in tanks made of bare steel, which were not...
Proxy data and proxy reconstructions
The lack of widespread instrumental climate records prior to the mid-19th century requires that we turn to proxy data in our attempts to reconstruct how the climate has changed over past centuries. When, as is typically the case in studies of the past millennium, our interest is primarily in annually resolved climate variations, we must turn to high-resolution climate proxy data, such as tree rings, corals, ice cores, and historical documentary records. Mann et al. 1998 assembled a network of...
Speleothems
Speleothems are mineral formations occurring in limestone caves, most commonly as stalagmites and stalactites, or slab-like deposits known as flowstones. They are composed primarily of calcium carbonate, precipitated from ground water that has percolated through the adjacent carbonate host rock. Certain trace elements may also be present often giving the deposit a characteristic color one of these, uranium, can be used to determine the age of a speleothem, as discussed in what follows....
Can Chickens Eat Celery?
Backyard chicken keepers may ask themselves, can chickens eat celery Chickens practically eat everything you throw at them. I've heard other chicken keepers call them garbage disposals. I've seen them take food out of my kid's hand They have no shame My chickens are giant goobers. We often call them stoopid chickens. That's the saying around here. Yes, I realize I spelled stupid incorrectly. It's spelled that way for extra emphasis My chickens actually ate some styrofoam.
Ucla Arakawa Global Circulation
On the maintenance of zonal mean flow. Pap. Met. Geophys., 8, 39-54. Arakawa, A. 1957b . On the mean meridional circulation in the atmosphere J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75th Anniversary Volume, 230-236. Arakawa, A. 1958 . Modern theory of general circulation of the atmosphere. Kisho Kenkyu Note, 9, No. 4, Meteor. Soc. Japan in Japanese . Arakawa, A. 1961 . The variation of general circulation in the barotropic atmosphere J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 39, 49-58. Arakawa, A. 1962 ....
Intertropical Convergence Zone ITCZ
Figure 12.1 shows that winds between the tropics converge on a line which we call the Intertropical Convergence Zone i.e. ITCZ or equatorial trough. This line of convergence near the equator is also discernible in a map of streamlines Figure 12.2 Note 12.A . It is actually a band a few hundred kilometres wide, enclosing places where winds flow inwards are 'confluent' and subsequently rise convectively. It is the latitude of the highest air temperature and vapour pressure near the surface, and...
Oceanic And Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
More than half of the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is absorbed by the oceans, where it is stored and redistributed, before being released back into the atmosphere. Ocean and atmosphere are quite intimately linked. The prevailing winds in the atmospheric circulation, for example, drive water across the ocean surface at speeds of less than 5 km per hour, in the form of broad, relatively shallow drifts. In some cases, they carry warm water polewards, in others, they carry cooler...
Memberry 2001 Monsoon Tropical Cyclones. Part 1 Weather
Academica Sinica 1957-8 On the general circulation over eastern Asia. Tellus 9, 432-46 10, 58-75 and 299-312. Anthes, R. A. 1982 Tropical cyclones their evolution, structure, and effects. Met. Monogr. 19 41 , Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, MA, 208pp. Augstein, E. et al. 1973 Mass and energy transport in an undisturbed trade wind flow. Monthly Weather Review 101, 101-11. Avila, L. A. 1990 Atlantic tropical systems of 1989. Monthly Weather Review 118, 1178-85. Barnston, A. G. 1995 Our improving...
Brief Survey of the Atmosphere
The remainder of this chapter provides an overview of the optical properties, composition, and vertical structure of the Earth's atmosphere, the major wind systems, and the climatological-mean distribution of precipitation. It introduces some of the terminology that will be used in subsequent chapters and some of the conventions that will be used in performing calculations involving amounts of mass and rates of movement. The Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent to incoming solar...
What some models say about north america
Considerable ongoing research is aimed at predicting what the future climate will be like for North America in light of natural changes as well as anthropogenic human-caused global warming. Extreme drought is one of the expected consequences of increased global warming, especially in the American Southwest, where it has already been projected to be severe by several models. The Drought Research Lab at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University in New York has identified and studied...
Trade winds and Hadley cells
Air over the equator is heated strongly by contact with the warm surface. The warm air rises all the way to the tropopause. There, trapped beneath the tropopause, it moves away from the equator. Cooler air flows toward the equator at low level, to take its place. Moving air tends to turn in a circle. This is called vorticity and it is why the water usually forms a spiral, or vortex, when it flows out of a bathtub. As the cool air moves toward the equator its vorticity swings it to the right in...
Gustavegaspard de coriolis
Born in Paris on May 21, 1792, Coriolis was a French engineer and mathematician who first described the force of motion on a rotating body, which has come to be called the Coriolis force. It is the apparent path of deflection of an object as it passes over the rotating Earth. If an object is launched, it will not land in a straight trajectory but be offset depending on the rate of movement of the object and the rate of movement of the Earth underneath. This concept was very important to the...
Low Latitude Climatic Cycles in the Indian Ocean Monsoon Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic Upwelling
Tropical and subtropical oceanic pelagic ecosystem variability is also characterized by orbital frequencies during the past few million years. Moreover, tropical and subtropical oceanic biomes probably play a reciprocal role in long-term climate change by regulating atmospheric-ocean carbon fluxes during large-scale climatic oscillations. For example, near-surface productivity changes, which vary seasonally due to wind-induced upwelling, also vary over glacial-interglacial time scales. Glacial...
The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
19.1 Introduction - Historical Background Historically, there must been a time when people had little idea of a circulation in the earth's atmosphere. Few were aware that the wind at their locality was related to the wind at another location on the face of the earth. It appears that the first to visualize a circulation in the atmosphere was the British scientist, Halley 1686 , who made a detailed study of the wind systems over the tropical belt with the data then available and hypothesized that...
Heat Balance of the Earth Atmosphere System Heat Sources and Sinks
10.1 Introduction - definition of heat sources and sinks We showed in Chap. 8 that the intensity of the incoming solar radiation at the earth's surface varies widely with latitude and the transmissivity of the overlying atmosphere, being, in the annual mean, maximum at the equator and minimum at the poles. As against this and as shown by measurements and computations, the intensity of the outgoing longwave radiation varies only slightly with latitude. Thus, the difference between the incoming...
The Intertropical Convergence
The tendency for the trade wind systems of the two hemispheres to converge in the equatorial low-pressure trough has already been noted see Chapter 7B . Views on the exact nature of this feature have been subject to continual revision. From the 1920s to the 1940s, the frontal concepts developed in mid-latitudes were applied in the tropics, and the streamline confluence of the northeast and southeast trades was identified as the intertropical front ITF . Over continental areas such as West...
Tropical Disturbances
It was not until the 1940s that detailed accounts were given of types of tropical disturbances other than the long-recognized tropical cyclone. Our view of tropical weather systems was revised radically following the advent of operational meteorological satellites in the 1960s. Special programmes of meteorological measurements at the surface and in the upper air, together with aircraft and ship observations, have been carried out in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Caribbean Sea and the...
East Asian And Australian Summer Monsoons
China has no equivalent to India's hot, pre-monsoon season. The low-level, northeasterly winter monsoon reinforced by subsiding air from the upper westerlies persists in north China, and even in the south it begins to be replaced by maritime tropical air only in April to May. Thus at Guangzhou Canton , mean temperatures rise from only 17 C in March to 27 C in May, some 6 C lower than the mean values over northern India. Westerly depressions are most frequent over China in spring see Figure...
Civilization
Some 4,300 years ago, circa 2300 BC, an era that archaeologists call the Bronze Age, any rich and thriving civilization must have looked to all the Old World like a fixture of permanence and security. The transformation from subsistence farming to organized irrigation agriculture had given rise to culture and organized economies across a large swath of Earth from the Levant to Asia. Cities were large. Trading networks were prosperous. Classes of professionals were engaged in writing and...
Components of the Earth System
This section introduces the cast of characters and briefly describes their roles and interrelations in the ongoing drama of climate. The atmosphere, which in some sense plays the starring role, has already been introduced in Chapter 1. The interplay between atmospheric radiation and convection regulates the temperature at the Earth's surface, setting the limits for snow and ice cover and for the various life zones in the biosphere. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the biosphere from the...
Challenges to proxy data integration
Integration of paleohydrologic data across sites Most traditional hydrologic climate-proxy indicators tend to reflect effective moisture availability, rather than rainfall, with poorly constrained temperature effects on evaporation. Rainfall variation is also spatially more heterogeneous and temporally more pronounced than temperature variation, because the atmospheric circulation patterns ultimately determining rainfall location and intensity depend on ocean currents, pressure contrasts...
Global cloud cover
There are difficulties in determining cloud cover and layer structure from both satellite and ground observations. Surface-based estimates of cloud amounts are some 10 per cent greater than those derived from satellites, mainly because of the problem of estimating gaps near the horizon. The greatest discrepancies occur in summer in the subtropics and in polar regions. Total cloud amounts show characteristic geographical, latitudinal and seasonal distributions (see Figures 3.8 and 5.11).
Vapotranspiration
Invisible drought can be dealt with relatively easily by irrigation. In eastern Britain, for example, supplementary moisture has been supplied to sugar beet and potato crops since at least the late 1950s to deal with that problem Balchin 1964 . To establish the existence of a deficit in an area, it is necessary to compare incoming and outgoing moisture totals. The former is normally represented by precipitation and the latter by evaporation from the earth's surface plus transpiration by plants,...
The trade winds
The trades (or tropical easterlies) are important because of their great extent, affecting almost half the globe (see Figure 7.13). They originate at low latitudes on the margins of the subtropical high-pressure cells, and their constancy of direction and speed (about 7 m s-1) is remarkable. Trade winds, like the westerlies, are strongest during the winter half-year, which suggests they are both controlled by the same fundamental mechanism. The two trade wind systems tend to converge in the...
World Rainfall Distribution Seasonal Changes Monsoons
The distribution of rainfall by latitude over the globe at the present epoch is shown in fig. 15. The greatest total is yielded by the equatorial rains, produced in the massive uplift of air and towering clouds in the zone of colivergence between the wind systems of the two hemispheres the socalled intertropical convergence. The moisture content of the air is greatest in this zone because of the enormous uptake by evaporation from the warmest oceans in the world (and also into the warm air from...
Active cooling options
Passive cooling systems, like passive space heating systems, have many attractive features, not least simplicity, cost and reliability. They also have serious limitations. Windcatchers, solar chimneys and the stack effect on their own can never ensure that stale warm air is always extracted from every nook and cranny of every building and that cool fresh air always replaces it at a rate which significantly improves occupant comfort. Larger buildings with complex floor plans that depend entirely...
Passive cooling options
As the climate warms, the demand for environmental cooling will inevitably increase. It would increase anyway in developed countries the acceptable ' comfort zone' inside buildings is becoming narrower. Occupants are less and less willing to modify their clothing and habits in response to seasonal changes. Fifty years ago clerical staff thought nothing of wearing woollen underwear to the office, where men would work in three-piece suits, collar and tie for most of the year. In the height of...
Methanol from Biogas
Most mammals including humans , as well as termites, produce a flammable gas termed biogas when they digest their food. Biogas is also generated in wetlands, swamps and bogs where large amounts of rotting vegetation may accumulate. Biogas is formed when anaerobic bacteria break down organic material in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria are some of the oldest forms of life on Earth, having evolved before the photosynthetic processes of green plants were able to release large quantities...
Make A Field Guide For Minerals
Background Have you ever used a field guide to identify a bird, flower, rock, or insect If so, you know that field guides include more than photographs. A typical field guide for minerals might include background information about minerals in general and specific information about the formation, properties, and uses of each mineral. Question Which mineral properties should be included in a field guide to help identify unknown minerals Choose materials that would be appropriate for this lab....
Why Are My Chickens Panting | Heat, Disease, Parasites, And More
Have you ever noticed your chickens panting You're not going crazy, chickens DO PANT much like a dog does It might be quite funny to see a chicken pant like a dog, but what does it mean Why Are My Chickens Panting Chickens can pant because of heat, stress, disease, parasites, and even respiratory issues However, the most common reason why chickens pant has a very simple explanation, and it's a natural response to the elements. For the same reason a dog pants is why a chicken would pant.
The rise and fall of the California sardine empire
Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary San Francisco, CA 94123, USA National Marine Fisheries Service Tiburon, CA 94920, USA The plane circled slowly, searching. The US Navy pilot and crew had been trained to locate and report the position of the prey under the waves. Once sighted, a message would be sent to the US Navy Air Station ashore which then relayed the sighting to a subchaser or US Coast Guard cutter in the area. The warship would signal 10 to 15 pursuit vessels, inform them...
Anglo Icelandic Cod Wars
Iceland, an island nation, is poorly endowed with land-based natural resources. With no minerals to speak of, its main potential land-based resource lies in energy production from hydro-logical and geothermal sources. Its natural energy supply might be used to attract foreign industrial development to the country. However, the valuable resources that Iceland does not have on land are present in its coastal waters. The biological productivity of the water above Iceland's continental shelf is...
What Were The Main Conflicts During The Little Ice Age
A third period that shows the impact of climate change on conflict has to do with cooling conditions and the onset of the Little Ice Age LIA . Scholars differ exactly on how long the LIA lasted. Some believe it started as early as 1000 in some northern regions. Historian Brian Fagan believes the LIA lasted from 1300 to 1850 Fagan 2008 . Agriculture records from the period show that vineyards gradually disappeared from England, and the cultivation of oranges in north China was no longer...
Why is the cassowary not a bird
Kuhn's book sparked wide debate among historians and philosophers of science, and it attracted numerous criticisms. According to one reviewer, indeed, Kuhn used the term 'paradigm' with fully twenty-two different meanings. But the large majority of sociologists saw his work as a chance to develop an analysis of the relationships between science and society which could overcome the limitations of the Mertonian approach. What are paradigms, in fact, if not a means to convey social questions into...
The static mode of cloud seeding
We have seen that the pioneering experiments of Schaefer and Langmuir suggested that the introduction of dry ice or silver iodide into supercooled clouds could initiate a precipitation process. The underlying concept behind the static mode of cloud seeding is that natural clouds are deficient in ice nuclei. For an excellent, more technical review of static seeding, see Silverman 1986 . As a result many clouds contain an abundance of supercooled liquid water which represents an underutilized...
Comparison of Vehicle Standards around the World
Research at Energy and Transportation Technologies, LLC, indicates that at least nine countries and regions around the world have established or proposed their own motor vehicle fuel economy or GHG emission standards, as shown in Table 9-2. Motor vehicle fuel economy standards have been established for most of the developed world, including the United States, EU nations, Japan, Canada, and Australia. The EU has also negotiated voluntary vehicle CO2 emission rate targets as a means to control...
Distributed Generation Technologies
Moura Distributed generation (DG) can be defined as a source of electric power connected to a distribution network or a customer site, representing an innovative and efficient way to both generate and deliver electricity, since it generates electricity right where it is going to be used. Technological improvements now allow power generation systems to be built in smaller sizes with high efficiency, low cost, and minimal environmental impact. Distributed...
Dump Loads for Solar, Wind and Microhydro
Dump loads a.k.a. diversion loads are are an important part of the off grid electric system. Most wind and water turbine installations will require them and most solar installations will benefit from a dump load. As we discussed in the dump load intro, a dump load is simply an electrical device (load) to send electricity to when the batteries are full or the extra power is not required. Solar panels are unique in that they can be short circuited and disconnected without any issue.
Flow Measurement Capabilities of Customer Water Meters
In general, meter accuracy is influenced by two principal factors the physical performance of the flow sensing mechanism of the meter, and the appropriate sizing of the meter to fit the customer's consumption profile. Water utilities provide service to a wide variety of customers, from residential service 5 8-in meters typically in the United States to large industrial sites up to 12-in meters . Many accurate and reliable meter types exist to measure flows in this variety of settings each with...
Battery Bank Equalization
Routine equalization cycles are vital to the performance and life of a battery particularly in a solar, wind or micro-hydro power system. During battery discharge, sulfuric acid is consumed and soft lead sulfate crystals form on the plates . If the battery remains in a partially discharged condition, the soft crystals will turn into hard crystals over time .
10 Secret Places To Hide Your Stuff When SHTF
When SHTF happens, more often than not, law enforcement will be extremely busy and unable to uphold the law efficiently. There's to much going on and not enough officers to handle it. Crime will start to skyrocket with more looting, vandalism, thefts, assaults, rapes and worse. This is not a possibility. It's the norm and you must be ready for it. During an emergency, such as a hurricane alert where you absolutely must evacuate, chances are you'll leave your home earlier to go somewhere safe.
Ivan Labs El Sid Dc Circulating Pumps
The Ivan Labs El SID circulating pumps have been the best choice for solar hot water and radiant heat for the past few decades. For solar hot water they are used to pump water from the solar collector(s) to the heat exchanger and from the heat exchanger to the hot water tank heater. In a radiant heat application, there is usually one pump used per heating loop and they can be controlled separately by thermostats. This eliminates the need for zone valves.
Circulating Pumps for the Off Grid Home
It is almost inevitable you will require at least one circulating pump for your off the grid homestead. Whether it is for radiant home heating, keeping fish alive in a aquaponic system or making a home made air conditioning system, circulating pumps are very important. If you go to your local hardware store and buy the same circulating pump everyone else uses you will be surprised to find out it uses more electricity than most other items in your home.
Making a Dump Load with a Hot Water Tank Heater
Would you do us a huge favor by sharing Can a standard off-the-shelf tank style electric hot water heater can make a dump load Electric tank water heaters are an excellent choice to make a dump load for your solar, wind or micro hydro power system as they are easy to get, cheap, already insulated and have holes to mount low voltage water heating elements.
Conclusion
The experiences and the research findings presented above provide ample evidence for reducing water demand as an effective strategy to increase water security in a wide variety of circumstances. Over and above the shorter term efficiency approach of demand management, water soft paths offer greater savings, and hence greater water security, within the context of a longer term search for a triple bottom line - economic growth, social equity, ecological sustainability. Though many institutional...
The Human Contribution To Atmospheric Turbidity
The volume of particulate matter produced by human activities cannot match the quantities emitted naturally see Figure 5.7 . Estimates of the human contribution to total global particulate production vary from as low as 10 per cent Bach 1979 to more than 15 per cent Lockwood 1979 with values tending to vary according to the size-fractions included in the estimate. Human activities may provide as much as 22 per cent of the particulate matter finer than 5 pm, for example Peterson and Junge 1971 ....
Dollar Tree Bug out Bag List - Dollar Tree Preps
Are you looking for a cheap way to fill up a bug out bag There are so many bug out bag lists out there, with tons and tons of items on them. If you want also check out my Amazon bug out bag list I really wanted to have a couple of complete bags (just in case SHTF.) We really didn't have enough money to do so. That is where I got the idea for a Dollar Tree bug out bag list. I remembered that the Dollar Tree sells stuff like bandages, gauze, and twine.
Hurricane Preparedness Checklist | Free Printable Checklist
It's hurricane season are you prepared My motto is to get prepared and stay prepared, if possible. Before a hurricane comes, I whip out my Hurricane Preparedness Checklist and gather all the supplies on the list. This year (2020) is exceptionally worrisome since they are forecasting an extra active hurricane season. Literally, the season just started and we already had 3 named storms. I hope that most of the storms that develop this year don't hit land.
17 sperm whales stranded on beaches in a vast offshore windfarm zone
These sperm whales, and three others, beached on the English shores of the Northern Sea 12 others stranded in Germany and the Netherlands. On one of the whales stranded in England, anti-nuclear activists wrote a slogan to white-wash the wind turbines seen in the background. These whales were apparently members of the same pod, moving as shown above. Strandings are common in the North Sea but there hasn't been one on this scale in decades', according to experts .
The frontalwave depression
A depression also termed a low or cyclone see Note 2 is an area of relatively low pressure, with a more or less circular isobaric pattern. It covers an area 1500 to 3000 km in diameter and usually has a life span of four to seven days. Systems with these characteristics, which are prominent on daily weather maps, are referred to as synoptic-scale features. The mid-latitude depression is usually associated with the convergence of contrasting Figure 9.7 Four stages in the typical development of a...
The Coriolis Effect And The Oceans
So far we have considered ocean temperature and salinity, two of the factors controlling currents in the sea, which in turn govern coastal climates. A third factor is the 'Coriolis effect', the 'apparent deflection of moving objects, due to the observer being on a rotating Earth', named after Gaspard de Coriolis 1792-1843 . Unfortunately, it is not easy to understand immediately, being different from commonsense observation, and so various explanations are offered in what follows. As a...
Combining Matter
INKAtoms combine through electric forces, forming molecules and compounds. Real-World Reading Link Is there a rusty mailbox or bicycle on your street Nearly everywhere you look, you can see iron objects that have become rusty. Rust forms when iron is exposed to water and oxygen in the air. Can you identify the materials in Figure 3.7 The greenish gas in the flask is the element chlorine, which is poisonous. The solid, silvery metal is the element sodium, which is highly reactive. These two...
The Neolithic period c ka to c ka BP
During the Neolithic period, human society achieved some remarkable progress in its struggle for survival. In the first place, certain societies in the Middle East adopted agriculture and domesticated animals as the dominant strategy in their struggle for survival. This agriculture, as will be discussed below, was based on irrigation. By using irrigation human society became less dependent on the natural environment, where productiveness is dependent on the randomness of climate changes,...
Chapter The Earliest Evidence of War
Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, Demonic Males Apes and the Origin of Human Violence Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1996 , 63, 108-9,- Douglas Fry, Anthropological perspectives on aggression Sex differences and cultural variation, Aggressive Behavior 24 1998 81-95. 2. Douglas Fry, The Human Potential for Peace New York Oxford University Press, 2006 Bruce Bonta and Douglas Fry, Lessons for the rest of us Learning from peaceful societies, in M. Fitzduff and C. Stout eds. , The Psychology of...
The Climate During The Late Pleistocene
In general, the climates during glacial periods of the Quaternary, evidenced in the Mediterranean region by sea regressions, were cold, while interglacial and post-glacial periods, evidenced by transgressions, were warm and dry Horowitz, 1989 . In the coastal plains this resulted in the accumulation of black and brown clayey soils in the marshy areas and red loamy soils on the sandstone outcrops. In the mountain areas on the limestone rocks, terra rosa type soils developed. During the...
Natufian Culture
Another piece in the jigsaw of agricultural origins is the lifestyle identified as the 'Natufian culture' that thrived in the Levant between 14.5 to 12 kya Bar-Yosef, 1998 . During the first half of this period temperatures rose and precipitation increased and in the southern Levant reached a peak around 13.5 kya. This led to increased vegetation and greater yields of wild fruit, seeds and game animals, which altered lifestyles. In favoured areas sedentism became the preferred settlement...
The Origins Of Agriculture
The origins of agriculture from yet another area of fierce debate. At issue are not only the role of climate change, but also population growth and the morphology of plants or animals e.g. the species exploited, site location and the relative importance of animals and plants in the food supply . What is not at issue is the main advantage of agriculture it can support more people per unit area than living off wild resources. In addition, by staying in one place it is possible to gather more...
The Hydrologic Cycle
Life on Earth is critically dependent on the cycling of water back and forth among the various reservoirs in the Earth system listed in Table 2.2, which are collectively known as the hydrosphere. In discussing the exchanges between the smaller reservoirs, we make use of the concept of residence time of a substance within a specified reservoir, defined as the mass in the reservoir divided by the efflux the rate at which the substance exits from the reservoir .11 Residence time provides an...
Heat Loss Surface Convection 3600
A 500 m2 light-colored swimming pool is located in a normal suburban site, where the measured wind speed at 10 m height is 3 m s. The water temperature is 25 C, the ambient air temperature is 17 C, and relative humidity is 60 . There are no swimmers in the pool, the temperature of the make-up water is 22 C, and the solar irradiation on a horizontal surface for the day is 20.2 MJ m2-d. How much energy must the solar system supply gss to the pool to keep its temperature to 25 C The energy balance...
Equivalent Potential Temperature
When condensation occurs in a sample of moist air which is lifted, the heat liberated in the process amounts to - L dxs, where L is the latent heat and xs the saturation-mixing-ratio at the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. This heat is added to the air. The entropy equation, 3.5.3 , may, therefore, be written as where T is the dry-bulb temperature at the level where air becomes saturated, cp the specific heat of dry air at constant pressure, and 9 the potential temperature of the...
Ascent of Moist Air in the Atmosphere Pseudo Adiabatic Process
When a stream of moist but unsaturated air rises in the atmosphere, it first cools by dry-adiabatic expansion till it reaches the lifting condensation level where it becomes saturated. Further ascent leads to condensation of water vapour on nuclei that may be present in large numbers in the atmosphere. Usually, hygroscopic particles act as effective nuclei. Experiments in the laboratory have shown that the equilibrium vapour pressure required for condensation depends upon not only the...