CVA Optima Recommended Loading Data Table
The proper charge for any muzzleloading firearm is an efficient load which provides consistent ignition and velocity while keeping breech pressures below the maximum safe levels. NOTE Rarely do two rifles settle on the same exact load. The shooter should load using the minimum and maximum charge limitations shown in the table below.
Springfields Integral Locking System Ils 1
Removing the Mainspring Housing with ILS Caution Always be sure the pistol is unloaded before proceeding. 1. With the hammer full down, deactivate the ILS. The holes should be vertical or stacked . Fig. 13-1 2. Wrap a heavy-duty rubber band around the grip safety until it is completely depressed. Doing so will maintain the alignment of the sear spring and negate further disassembly of the pistol. Fig. 14 3. Cock the hammer to the full cocked position. 4. Insert takedown pin into takedown hole....
Priming Compositions
Priming compositions for firearms ammunition are mixtures which, when subjected to percussion, provide a sudden burst of flame that serves to ignite the propellant within the cartridge case. A priming composition must deliver a relatively large volume of hot gases and hot solid particles without the development of a detonating wave. The ideal priming composition would consist of a cheap, readily available, relatively safe to handle, simple chemical compound of uniform granulation which when...
Savage Ml-II Accurate Loads
For more information, please visit our web site at www.savagearms.com WARNING THE USE OF SMOKELESS POWDER IN A MUZZLE LOADER NOT SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR SMOKELESS POWDER MAY CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY TO THE SHOOTER, BYSTANDERS, AND OR DAMAGE TO THE FIREARM. The loads specified are for average hunting applications seasons. For best accuracy during hot days or if the barrel is getting warmer, reduce the powder charge in V2 grain increments.
A Brief History of Forensic Firearms Identification Introduction
As with any evolving science, the exact origins of forensic firearms identification are shrouded in obscurity. Exactly when it was first noted that fired bullets from a given weapon possessed a certain number of equally spaced impressed grooves, all inclined in the same direction and at the same angle, and which were the same on every other bullet fired through that weapon, will probably never be known. Likewise, it will never be known when the next logical step was taken to compare the width,...
Optic of the Week: AN/PSQ-18A M203 Day/Night Sight
I really really wanted to like this but it just sucked so bad. I mean, it provides a capability that nothing else does, but it is so awkward to use I'd rather live with out it. Part of the problem with equipment like the AN PSQ-18A is that when you see one for sale, it is often stolen military property. If you see one with the serial number removed, it probably fell of the truck.
Cold Barrel vs Warm Barrel
Recognizing that consistency equals accuracy and vice versa, a sniper constantly looks for ways to increase his shooting consistency and diagnoses any causes of inconsistency. Variations in rifle barrel temperature lead to variations in where a bullet impacts because a hot or even warm barrel will warp at least slightly. How much it warps, how quickly it warps, how differently it warps according to different kinds of ammo these add more variation and lead to still more inconsistency. The...
Depth of grooves
The depth of the grooves on a fired bullet has little application to the problem of identification of a firearm. While it is fairly easy to determine by measurement the depth of the grooves in a rifled barrel it is very difficult to measure the depth of a groove on a fired bullet, and even where measurements are possible they ordinarily have little meaning. If all fired bullets were undamaged and perfectly symmetrical and if each represented precisely the cross section of the barrel,...
Ruger 10/22 Mods and Conversions
The purpose of this manual is to provide the necessary instructions and manufacturing data required for conversion of the Ruger 10-22, semi-automatic carbine, into a selective fire automatic unit. When modified to the specifications given, the weapon retains its semi-automatic mode of operation and also allows fully automatic functioning by moving the selector lever into the proper position.
Colt Combat Elite Review
The name Combat Elite is nothing new to most Colt fans or anyone who is old enough to remember. Initially it was an upgraded government model tweaked for carry with fighting more in mind. Over the years it developed into a two tone gun with adjustable sights much like the Gold Cup of the day. It was always a sought after 1911 and the two tone look was really well liked at the time.
Ortgies pocket pistols
The Ortgies pistols are unique in design, although inevitably they have some features in common with other automatic pistols. The pistol was designed by Heinrich Ortgies, said to have been a German by birth but who was a resident of Liege, Belgium, until about the close of World War I. The first prototypes are thought to have been made in Belgium in 1915 - 1916.
Galesi pistols 1
These pistols are manufactured by the Industria Armi Galesi, located in Collebeato Brescia , Italy. The firm was founded in 1910 by Nicola Galesi, the father of Giuseppe Galesi who is the present proprietor. The first pistol was made in 1914 and production continued until 1923. In 1923 or soon thereafter production of the second model began. This model was based on Pat. No. 219,408 issued to Nicola Galesi on March 30, 1923. Just when production was started is not known, nor is it known how many...
Ruby class or Eibar type 1
Around 1910 the Spanish firearms industry began the manufacture of a style of automatic pistol patterned after the blowback, internal-hammer design used by Fabrique Nationale in their Modele 1903 Browning and by the Colt Co. in the manufacture of their Hammerless Pocket Model of 1903. The Spanish imitations differed in minor points from model to model, but all of them preserved the characteristics which easily marked them as Browning imitations. The common design was a 5- or 7-round type, in...
High Standard Pistols
The presently named High Standard Manufacturing Corporation, of Hamden, Conn., started out in 1926 as the High Standard Manufacturing Company, in New Haven, Conn., when C.G. Swebilius and three other men began the manufacture of gun barrel drills. At that time the firm had three employees. In 1932 the firm acquired the Hartford Arms and Equipment Co., of Hartford, Conn. This firm had developed and produced a single-shot pistol, a repeating pistol, and an automatic pistol.
Interchangeability of Ammunition in Weapons
Recovery of a bullet of a particular caliber from a body does not necessarily indicate that the weapon used to fire this missile was of the same caliber as the cartridge in which the bullet was loaded. Certain weapons will chamber and fire ammunition of a caliber different from that for which they are chambered. Some automatic pistols are capable of firing revolver ammunition, and some revolvers can fire automatic ammunition.
LMT MARS-LS Ambi Lower Review
A while back I tried doing a google search for best AR15 lower. There was plenty of various discussion, some people saying that any cheap lower is good enough. Others talking about what rollmark is the coolest looking. I saw a couple of discussions about ambidextrous lowers, various people were stating that that MARS lower was the best and had a pretty good argument for it. That got me interested in it. I purchased a Lewis Machine & Tool (LMT) MARS-LS lower with out furniture from Retting Inc.
Vaime Super Silenced Rifle Mk x mm subsonic Holdout
This Finnish sniper rifle features an integrally silenced barrel. A bolt-action weapon, it fires subsonic 7.62x51mm .308 Win ammunition the result is an almost non-existing recoil, a trajectory like a rainbow and a maximum effective range of about 200 yards. The damage is halved for a .30 low-velocity round. The Vaime is very silent Hearing rolls at -7 . It can also fire standard 7.62x51mm ammunition 7d, Acc 11, 1 2D 1,000, Max 4,600, ST11, Rcl -2 without suffering any harm, but the bullet will...
Hammer Positions
There are three distinct hammer positions on a Colt revolver two, which are described below, are safety features, while the third, which will be described later, is the COCKED position for firing. HAMMER SAFETY POSITION-With the hammer in the Safety position the sear end of the trigger engages the first notch safety notch of the hammer. See Figure 3. In this position, the firing pin does not protrude through the firing pin hole, so that it cannot contact ammunition in the cylinder chambers and...
Ruger Mini 14 Full Auto Conversion
Screw-Pivot, Tripping Lever - Drawing 4A This screw will act as a pivot point for the tripping lever. It is designed with a shoulder that will bottom out against the receiver when installed. This will prevent binding between the tripping lever and the receiver. The top of this lever will contact a portion of the slide each time the gun cycles. By means of a pivot in the center of the lever, the forward movement at the top of the lever causes the bottom of the tripping lever to move rearwards....
Disassembly and Reassembly
To take apart the rifle -- First check that the rifle is not loaded. Take out the tang screw. Draw off the butt stock. Take out the magazine screw at the front end and remove the magazine. Take out the two side screws, cock the piece and draw the slide about halfway to the rear and withdraw the trigger plate. Slide the bolt clear back, insert a punch in the small hole on the left hand side, and push out the locking brace pin, and slide out the bolt. The other parts can be removed without...
Brief History Of Fbi Semiauto Pistols
After the Miami Dade Shootout of April 11, 1986, the FBI was not completely satisfied with the commercially available pistols in 9x19mm and .45. Until a suitable semi-auto service pistol could be selected for general issue, individual agents were would still be issued S&W Model 13 revolvers. In August 1987, the FBI formed its Weapons Evaluation and Selection Advisory Group, composed of 13 firearms instructors and a gunsmith from the FBI Academy and eight Field Division.
Adjusting Eye Relief
Since most military and police sniper rifles are handed down from previous users, there's a hesitancy for the inheriting marksman to change anything that has worked in the past. This attitude is not entirely wrong if it ain't broke, don't fix it but when it comes to eye relief, it's a big mistake. Whether you're mounting or remounting a scope or you've just been issued a sniper weapon, you must adjust the eye relief. Excuse my harping, but I must emphasize correct eye relief is critical to...
Lands And Grooves Ballistics
And those portions of the bore which are situated between the grooves are known as lands. Gauge or Calibre- Both types of firearms are classified by the Gauge, or Calibre, of their bores that is by the internal dimension of the barrel A different system of measuring, however, exists for large smooth-bores and rifled arms. Large smooth-bores are measured by the number of Pig. x. Cross-section of a rifled barrel showing the grooves and lands. Pig. x. Cross-section of a rifled barrel showing the...
Brief History of Firearms Early hand cannons
The earliest type of handgun was simply a small cannon of wrought iron or bronze, fitted to a frame or stock with metal bands or leather thongs. These weapons were loaded from the muzzle end of the barrel with powder, wad and ball. A small hole at the breech end of the barrel, the touch hole, was provided with a pan into which a priming charge of powder was placed. On igniting this priming charge, either with a hot iron or lighted match, fire flashed through the touch hole and into the main...
The Suppressed M16 In Vietnam & After
With the emergence of the M16 as the principal infantry arm of the US ground combat forces in South Vietnam, the major thrust of suppressor development was centered on the 5.56mm rifle. The USAMTU had been actively involved with suppressor testing during the course of Army revaluations.
Alphonse bertillon and the transition to dactylography
Perhaps one of the most influential people when speaking of criminal identification, is Alphonse Bertillon. He was born in 1853 to a family with strong scientific traditions. His grandfather was a well-known naturalist and mathematician, and he was the son of a distinguished French physician and statistician. Ironically, Bertillon was a very poor student. He was expelled from several schools and dismissed from an apprenticeship. In 1879 he was able to land a menial job filing information cards...
Historical Background
Firearm sound moderators and suppressors, commonly known as silencers to most people, have a certain mystique about them that can't be described, only felt. To the person who has a rabid hatred of guns, the silencer's mystique is similar to that of a coiled viper fascinating in a deadly, evil sort of way. To the average shooter who knows what they arc but has never used one, they conjure up visions of a toggy night on the waterfront in Istanbul, with a Soviet spy meeting his end as a CIA...
What is the maximum altitude that a bullet will attain
As with many other subjects that one comes across in forensic firearms examinations, this has little real relevance in everyday case examinations. There was an occasion, however, when a commercial airliner which had been flying in the air space above Northern Ireland was found, on landing, to have a 7.62 mm calibre hole in one side of the tailfin. Unfortunately, the airline concerned was unwilling to have the tailfin dismantled and taken apart due to the costs involved, and it was not possible...
Revolver 38 Parts
Machined to serve as a support for all major components. Houses action of weapon and provided hand grip to ahn and tire weapon. BARREL ASSEMBLY. When fttlng receives and cftrecta projectile and provides front sight. c CYLINDER ASSEMBLY. Houses cartridges for firing. fp YOKE S anffW OR CR AN E Ruger . Provides a mount for thecy Under asaemWy which may be locked into position toHlrtflg, or swung out for loading or unloading. TRIGGER ASSEMBLY. Controls the firing of the...
No Further Disassembly Is Required
The Military Services generali) use a muliipurpcue chemical called CLP (cleaner, lubricant, and preservative) sold commercially as BreakFree * Although it is useful If nothing else is available, armament engineers prefer individual, specialized products A combination of military RBC (rifle bore cleaner) and LSA (lubricant, semifluid, automatic weapons) is superior A high quality cleaning solvent like Hoppes no. 9 removes metal fouling from the bore excellent ), and Teflon bearing lubricants,...
M16 Assault Rifle
I was thinking whan I started this book Laudy, Laudy. I wish I'd had something Jfke thia whaJ I first started converting AR-15's to fufl-euto. No such luck. Back then it was trial and error and try again, j Don't get ma wrong. There were those that seemed to have the required information. They hung out at Gun Shows and ran ads in underground newspapers. After paying any amount from gt 20.00 to 75.00 you would breathlessly be told how their brother-in-law. cousin, neighbor friend pick one did...
How To Drill Out A Blank Gun Barrel
A is plan and detail views of oil tubing used on barrel drills. B is plan and end view of barrel drill while C is underside view of same. into the tool post slot in the rest. This tongue is just thick enough to extend a short distance down in the tool post slot and the block is held down by two cap-screws passing down through it and into a bar of steel in the wide groove at the bottom of the slot.
LaRue, Colt, KAC Battle Carbines Compared Part
Today I am thankful that I got to try a few different rifles this morning. I did side by side shooting of a Larue 7.62 Ultimate Upper rifle, Colt LE901-16SE, and a KAC SR25-EC. It isn't really fair to directly compare these as there are some major differences between them. Sort of like comparing apples to apples to oranges. But that never stopped me from being critical about things before. This first comparison will be short.
The Browning Aboltii Rifle
Schematic is provided for parts identification only and should not be used as a guide to assemble he rifle. IMPORTANT When ordering parts, list code number, part name, caliber, model and serial number. Do not order parts using key numbers. CAUTION Browning parts are made exclusively for Browning guns and should not l gt e used in other guns even though models may be similar. Inadequately fitted parts may be dangerous. Parts List Browning A-Bolt II Rifle This parts list refers 10 the Browning...
Chain Gun Receiver
Inspect repair rear chain and mechanical interlock mechanism Inspect repair rear chain and mechanical interlock mechanism GUN FIRES INTERMITTENTLY OR AT IRREGULAR RATE - Continued M242 25-MM AUTOMATIC GUN NSN 1005-01-086-1400 M242 25-MM ENHANCED AUTOMATIC GUN NSN 1005-01-454-0396 GUN FIRES WITHOUT HANGFIRE PROTECTION TooIs and Special Tools Equipment Conditions Artillery and turret mechanic's tool kit item 41, WP 0023 00 Barrel assembly removed WP 0085 00 Turret mechanic's supplemental tool kit...
Receiver Feeder Image
Perform auto gun receiver manual cycle check WP 0008 00 . Install mechanical interlock and rear chain guide WP 0069 00 . Assemble track assembly WP 0056 00 . Assemble bolt and carrier assembly WP 0055 00 . Assemble bolt and track assembly WP 0054 00 . Install bolt and track assembly WP 0053 00 ._ Repair chain guide s and mechanical interlock by replacing defective parts WP 0069 00 . M242 25-MM AUTOMATIC GUN NSN 1005-01-086-1400 M242 25-MM ENHANCED AUTOMATIC GUN NSN 1005-01-454-0396 Artillery...
Upgrading the military shotgun - Part 4 - Stock and Sling mount
We started with the old M500M, pretty much a 6 shot Mossberg 590 shotgun. Your generic riot gun. We made a few changes, but it is time to make the most often made change in military shotguns. A pistol grip. Pistol grip only shotguns sell fairly well in the civilian world. All manner or cheap M500s, Maverick 88 Persuaders, and the like are sold to ignorant novices looking for a home defense gun.
Upgrading the military shotgun - Part 3 - A rail system
A Mossberg shotgun comes out of the box with corncob style plastic forearm that is completely functional and in a way minimalistic. It can get a little slick when wet, but not terribly so. About as bog standard as it gets. The military decided to replace this forend with a tri-rail. A unit made by ERGO. https www.ergogrips.net I gotta say I was wrong. In the past I've said that I didn't get the point of railed handguards on a shotgun.
Upgrading the military shotgun - Part 1 - Pointless Rambling
Alright, I was going to wait until the project was complete and post a short and sweet, concise, article about it. But now the last part I ordered is indefinitely delayed, I'm going to drag this out. Later on I am going to talk about equipment, military usage of the shotgun, and various possibly interesting things, but that won't be in this post. This post is just me rambling. I don't like shotguns. I don't like them so much that I only own five of them.
Thoughts on Offset Red Dots
Long ago I tried an offset Mini Red Dot on and really didn't like it. I was using the short lived TNVC el-cheapo red dot. The red dot sucked and I didn't like how I couldn't use the setup left handed. I really thought the MRDS type optics were junk for a while due to my experience with the TNVC red dot. I've found that there have been many times I've tried something, disliked it, and never wanted to do it again. I find my self plenty quick to keep bad mounting something.
Suicides Due to Handguns
The location of the self-inflicted wound varies depending on the type of the weapon, the sex of the victim, and whether the victim is right- or left-handed. In individuals who shoot themselves with handguns, the most common sites for the entrance wound are the head 81 , the chest 17 , and the abdomen 2 , in that order Table 14.1 . There is some difference by sex Table 14.1 in that a smaller percentage of women 72 shoot themselves in the head than do men 83.5 . Table 14.1 Sites of Suicidal...
Hasty Ground Fighting Position
3All depths are approximate and will need adjustment for surrounding terrain and fields of fire. Production rate of 100 bank cubic yards per 0.75 hour. Divide construction time by 0.85 for rocky or hard soil, night conditions, or closed hatch operations M9 . Use of natural terrain features will reduce construction time. 1 Hasty fighting positions. Hasty fighting positions for combat vehicles and mortar carriers take advantage of natural terrain features or are prepared with a minimum of...
Soviet Heavy Machine Guns
20 X102 cartridge in the GIAT M621 is less powerful, firing projectiles of around lOOg, but the gun weighs only 45kg. Modern 20mm guns are usually belt-fed, although the drum-fed Oerlikon Type A41A previously known as the Hispano HS 804 which uses the same 20 X 110 ammunition as the wartime HS 404 aircraft gun was reintroduced in the 1980s to meet a demand for less sophisticated weapons. In naval use 20mm guns are usually found in single, unpowered, free-swinging mountings weighing around...
M242 25mm Bushmaster Chain Gun
Place feeder handle in down locked position to protect electrical connector on bottom of automatic gun feeder. 1. PLACE M242, 25-MM AUTOMATIC GUN ON A CLEAN, FLAT SURFACE. Position M242, 25-mm automatic gun 1 as shown. 2. LOCK M242, 25-MM AUTOMATIC GUN IN SEAR POSITION. a. Rotate straight drive shaft 2 counterclockwise until M242, 25-mm gun stops and becomes locked. b. Visually check bolt position indicator 3 to verify that M242, 25-mm automatic gun 1 is locked in SEAR position. c. If M242,...
Unloading And Uncharging
A WARNING ALWAYS KEEP THE MUZZLE POINTED IN A SAFE DIRECTION. A WARNING NEVER ATTEMPT TO PULL A CHARGE FROM YOUR MUZZLELOADER UNTIL YOU ARE ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN THAT THE FIREARM IS UNPRIMED. WHILE IN THE PROCESS OF PULLING THE CHARGE, DO NOT SMOKE, OR BE NEAR ANYONE ELSE WHO IS SMOKING THE SPARK FROM A LIGHTED CIGARETTE, CIGAR, OR PIPE CAN IGNITE BLACK POWDER, PYRODEX, OR PRIMERS. ANY EXTERNAL HEAT SOURCE CAN IGNITE YOUR CHARGE, CAUSING AN EXPLOSION, WHICH COULD RESULT IN INJURY AND OR DEATH TO...
Speed Breech Xt Breech Plug
The Speed Breech XT breech plug that is used in the T C Triumph muzzleloader has a replaceable heat-resistant O-Ring FIG. 10 that helps seal the breech area from fouling residue. This O-Ring can be easily replaced if it should become damaged. Use T C Part No.7531 replacement O-Rings - available from your dealer - or by contacting the factory. The gas rings on the Speed Breech XT FIG.10 are designed to be a permanent assembly with the breech plug. They should be cleaned in place with a brush and...
Optic Of The Week Unertl 20x Target Rifle Scope
The Unertl rifle scopes are something most shooters know about today thanks to the web and videogames. Few of them know much about them otherwise. They know Hathcock used one on his sniper rifle during his first tour in Vietnam. They know it's old and they know it looks ancient and complex. And if you ever looked into buying one you know they are expensive and no longer made. So this week we will take a closer look. John Unertl Sr.
How To Install An Octagonal Barrel
From the barrel, remove the wrench from the receiver and, using a torch, heat the receiver ring until it just starts to change color, then replace the wrench on the receiver and try again to unscrew it. If it still resists, remove the wrench and heat the receiver again, but keep cold running water on the barrel just ahead of the Removing octagon barrel from receiver by the use of a monkey wrench. Removing octagon barrel from receiver by the use of a monkey wrench. receiver, being careful not to...
How To Check Smokeless Powder For Deterioration
Although modern smokeless powders contain stabilizers and are basically free from deterioration under proper storage conditions, safe practices require a recognition of the signs of deterioration and its possible effects. Deteriorating smokeless powders produce and acidic odor and may produce a reddish brown fume. Don't confuse this with common solvent odors such as alcohol, ether and acetone. Powder deterioration can be checked by opening the cap on the container and smelling the contents....
Barrel And Gas System Reassembly
A Barrels are not interchangeable between model numbers, gauge or capacity. 930rw and 935' model barrels are interchangeable only with barrels of the same model, gauge and capacity. 1. Grasp the operating handle and lock the action in the OPEN position Figure 15 . 2. Install forearm retainer, gas system return spring, pusher assembly, spacer tube, gas piston, and seal ring onto magazine tube. Note orientation of seal ring. Angled surface of seal ring must face out. 3. Install barrel into...
Midwest Industries FSB Light Mount
There are three accessories I consider non negotiable on a fighting AR. They are a useable tactical sling, a quality optic and a bright light. When it comes to mounting a light and a side sling on an AR the most obvious answer is to use a railed handguard, however it is not necessary the right answer for everyone.
First Impressions - Surefire E2D Defender Ultra LED
There is a running joke between myself and a couple of friends of mine about how when you get a new flashlight, in the first few minutes of using it you end up shining it into your eyes to see how bright it is and end up regretting it. I had this mind when I first got this light out of the package. So I start turning it on and walking around my home to see how much it can light up a room. And, oh boy, it can light up a room.
Ricochet Analysis Introduction
When a bullet strikes any surface, there is a critical angle at which the bullet will bounce off or ricochet from the surface rather than penetrate. After ricocheting from the surface, the missile will lose a considerable amount of its velocity anything up to 35 in test firings and, invariably, lose its stability. This is contrary to the popular belief that a ricocheting bullet will carry further than one fired at the elevation for maximum range. The actual degree at which a bullet will...
Us Caliber .30 M2 Ap Accuracy
The .30-06 Government , or US Caliber .30 is a a classic round everyone knows. I think it has probably been used for everything you can use a rifle for at one time or another. It was the US service round for a million years before being phased out. It had several different martial loadings over those years one of them being M2 Armor Piercing. Unlike the M2 ball which was a FMJ bullet of about 150 grains, the A.P. load was a 165 to 168 ish grain bullet constructed to defeat light armor.
Markings on the cartridge
Cartridges, especially those fired in automatic or repeating firearms, often show repetitive marks which are useful in the identification of the type and sometimes the make of weapon used and of the individual arm when test cartridges fired in it are compared with an evidence cartridge. Impressions that are made by file marks, tool marks, or other inequalities on the surface of the breechblock when a shell sets back against it under high pressure are likely to be more reproducible than marks...
Custom Airgun Parts Crosman 2240 - 2250
2240 2250 Sear Spring Guide Eliminates spring wobble & reduces trigger weight & pull Includes Plunger, Spring And Spring Cup available Delrin, Brass & Aluminum See the trigger Guide Mounted Crosman 2240 2250 Sear Spring Guide & Trigger Eliminates spring wobble & reduces trigger weight & pull Includes plunger, spring, spring cup and trigger works with stock safety or with brass as shown 2240 50Custom Brass Trigger Brass Triggers for the Crosman 2240 and 2250 the face of the trigger is 1 4 inch...
Disassembly Of Rifle
DISASSEMBLE, ASSEMBLE, OR WORK ON ANY FIREARM WHILE IT IS LOADED KEEP ALL AMMUNITION AWAY FROM THE CLEANING AREA. WARNING ALWAYS POINT RIFLE IN A SAFE DIRECTION. Removal of Bolt Pull bolt S-412 to rear while depressing bolt stop S-415 . Bolt will slide out of receiver A100 600 . See Figure 3 No further disassembly is required for routine cleaning or maintenance. INTERCHANGEABILITY CAUTION BOLTS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE. THEY MUST BE KEPT WITH THE RIFLE FOR WHICH...
Gun Silencer Manual
1 x 3 4 PVC bushing Insert bushing into basin Glue bushing basin gas-gasket. ket assembly onto top of con Cut off portion of funnel-shaped seal as shown. Turn it inside out, then cut around it with modeling knife. Fit adapter onto top of can, tighten band clamp, and install weapon. Fit adapter onto top of can, tighten band clamp, and install weapon. Materials needed Insert bushing into connec- drain trap connector small 1 1 4 x 3 4 PVC bushing Tape second can onto first with metal repair tape....
Springfield Rifled Musket
A total of 265,129 cal. .58 Model of 1861 Springfield rifled muskets were produced at Springfield Armory and this arm was also the pattern for civilian contractors furnishing muskets to the government. It is quite similar to the Model of 1863, and there is a high degree of parts interchangeability between these models. A total of 273,-265 Model of 1863 rifled muskets were produced at Springfield Armory. Present-day collectors are often hard put to determine the exact model at hand as the date...
Tennite Stock Mold
Someone came by looking for tenite gun stocks. That brings back some unpleasant memories, and not just of gun stocks. For a little history, tenite is a cellulosic material chemically similar to rayon fabric. Tenite was a wonder plastic, glossy and easily moldable when Eastman introduced it in 1929. By the mid 1930's demand for art deco objects had made tenite the go-to plastic for a variety of objects.
Adjustable Sights
ADJUSTMENT - Each click of the sight adjustment screw either windage or elevation will move the point of impact of the bullet approximately 3 4 at a range of 25 yards. The height of the front sight has been set to take advantage of the elevation adjustment in the rear sight, considering the various ranges at which the gun is most likely to be used. Barrel length and load used affects trajectory. Therefore the shooter should determine sight settings by firing trials. To raise point of impact...
Some Stalking Tips
While stalking, the sniper leads and the spotter follows, traveling along the same exact path so there's less detectable sign left in grass and brush, and ihey don't becomc separated while low-crawling, Since he's in the lead, the sniper can modify their route if he sees a better hide position. Meanwhile, since he's trailing, the spotter sterilizes their backtrail, removing or erasing any evidence of their passage. Stalking, especially if you're crawling, is physically draining. Not only docs...
Ejectors Pin 9mm
During removal of the lanyard loop spring pin, be sure the punch is left in place to prevent accidental loss of parts or injury to personnel. Ensure hammer is in the down or forward position. 9. With a 1 8 inch punch, drive out the lanyard loop spring pin 1 leaving the punch in place. Place the lanyard loop 2 on a soft support and push down firmly on the top of the receiver to overcome the main spring 3 tension . While maintaining downward pressure, remove the punch and slowly release pressure...
What Can Cause Crushed Primers In A Super 1050
The drawing of case 3 above is a depiction of a case that has been over crimped by adjusting the crimp die down clockwise too far. Note the defined line below the mouth of the case and the bulge below the line. This is not a proper crimp. This line is the direct result of the cartridge being over crimped. A line like this will only appear if the crimp die is adjusted down too far. Warning Over crimping .45ACP, .38 Super, 9mm, etc., can actually cause the bullet to be loose in the case....
Sight Adjustment
The RUGER P-SERIES Pistols are equipped with a rear sight which is adjustable for windage only. After the rear-sight lock screw has been loosened for those pistols equipped with a rear sight lock screw , the rear sight can be drifted laterally in its dovetail on the top of the slide by tapping it with a wooden- or plastic-headed hammer or similar implement. Move the rear sight in the direction you want the shot to move on the target. After the rear sight is adjusted, tighten the rear-sight lock...
Identification
Ammunition and ammunition components are completely identified by the painting and marking including an ammunition lot number which appears on all original packing containers and, when practicable, on the item itself. i'NSULAT NG TU8ING PROTECTS STRIPPED -SNC Of BLUE LEAD blue lead hemove insulating tu3in6 before con-nectimg . wire to contact swung ' contact riv3 .lot number type and . .model of f 'rocket -olive dsa2 v.'itm marking IN yellow- A-ROCKET. HI, AT, 3.5-1 HCH. M28A2 SHOWN...
Changing Recoil Pads
All Cynergy models are fit from the factory with the standard pad, which provides a 14H length of pull. There is a H difference in the Locate the entry holes in the end of the recoil pad. Start the screws through the pad into the holes in the stock shown with spacer . Locate the entry holes in the end of the recoil pad. Start the screws through the pad into the holes in the stock shown with spacer . thickness of each pad, and each spacer is thick. Call the Parts Dept. number above for ordering...
Servicing And Repair
Should your pistol require adjustment or repair, make sure it is NOT LOADED and send it to Colt's. For spare parts, seek advice from the Dealer who should have up-to-date information on how best to obtain genuine Colt parts. An illustration and list of part names are included in the next section of this instruction manual to help you identify the part you need, but it is important to note that all parts are not available for sale. Those parts which are available should be installed by Colt's or...
Special Operations Series
Embodying the very essence of SureFire's modular approach, the Special Operations Series is a set of six handheld flashlights whose core components interchange with many of SureFire's weapon-mounted systems. Such compatibility allows the operator to make field-expedient repairs to his primary fighting light, pirating parts from his Special Operations Series flashlight for his WeaponLight. Lamp assemblies, lithium batteries, tailcap switches and even entire bezels can swap between flashlights...
Colt Defender vs. Glock G26 Size Comparison
While taking a break from testing the new Colt 901 Shawn and I put his Colt Defender and my Glock G26 together for a quick comparison. Colt lists the Defender as having a 3 barrel, with an overall length of 6.75 and weighing in at 24 oz. Glock lists the G26 as having a 3.42 barrel, an overall length of 6.49 and weighing in at 21.7 oz. Having held both you don't notice the 2.3 oz.
Care And Cleaning
Before cleaning, be certain the pistol and its magazine contain no cartridges. See Unloading Warning, p. 11 At regular intervals, or whenever the pistol has been exposed to sand, dust, extreme humidity, condensation, immersion in water, or other adverse conditions, disassemble, clean, and oil it. Proper periodic maintenance is essential to the reliable functioning of any firearm. To clean the pistol, proceed as follows 1. Disassemble fieldstrip the pistol to the extent described on pages 15 -...
Disassembly
With the pistol unloaded, the magazine removed and the hammer down, depress the recoil spring plug, and turn the barrel bushing clockwise, towards the right side of the pistol until the recoil spring plug and recoil are free. Be careful, the recoil spring and plug are under tension and can fly out with substantial force. 2. Ease out recoil spring and plug. If recoil spring does not come out easily, remove plug and leave the spring for step 6. The open end of the recoil spring goes into the...
Blackpowder Pyrodex And Clean Shot
WARNING Many manufacturers, including CVA, are now promoting guns which are designed to shoot heavier than standard powder charges. Some shooters have become confused by advertising for these rifles and attempt to use heavier charges and or projectiles in guns which were not designed to handle the resulting high pressures. Even some experienced shooters have made this mistake. Some have even used what is known as a duplex load, which is a mixture of blackpowder and smokeless powder. Any...
Propellants
NEVER USE MODERN SMOKELESS POWDER IN ANY MUZZLE- LOADER. The use of any amount of smokeless powder in a muzzleloader will create dangerously high pressures upon ignition, may result in severe injury or death to the shooter and or bystanders, and will void the warranty. Only six types of propellants are acceptable for use in CVA muzzleloading rifles. The first type is BLACKPOWDER. IMPORTANT The term blackpowder refers to the formulation of the propellant, not the color. Many of the smokeless...
Warning Loading
Know the bore diameter of your rifle you are loading and load projectiles of only correct diameter into it Either a too tight or too loose projectile can cause a burst barrel, resulting in serious injury to the shooter or bystanders. This rifle is designed to use a .500 projectile (or a .490 projectile with a .010 - .015 thick patch), a 11 percussion cap, and up to a maximum of 120 grains of FFg black powder (or equivalent volume of Pyrodex RS) only. Never use smokeless powder of any kind....
Gbasic Accessories For A Muzzleloader
Propellant - Blackpowder or acceptable substitute such as Pyrodex or Pyrodex Pellets in approved guns only . NEVER USE SMOKELESS POWDER. Projectile - Balls, bullets, sabots. Ignition Source - Percussion Cap or Musket Cap. Flask - To transport and dispense powder. Powder Measure - To measure correct powder charge. Bullet Starter - To start bullet down the barrel. Capper - To carry and dispense percussion caps. Patches - For cleaning inside of barrel. Nipple Wrench - For installing and removing...
R Introduction To The Ballistics Tables
Two Oehler 35P Proof chronographs were employed to gather velocity data. One shot was fired to dress the bore before testing for bullet velocity. The bore was swabbed between test shots when blackpowder was used but not when Pyrodex was used. Two identical firearms will not produce identical velocities in spite of using exactly the same load in each one. This is due to variables. Here are two 1. No two bores are absolutely identical in diameter. The differences may be in minute degrees, but...
Tc Omega And Conical Bullet
If you have not read this manual in its entirety, do so before attempting to load your firearm. IMPROPER LOADING AND USE OF YOUR FIREARM CAN CAUSE INJURY AND OR DEATH TO THE SHOOTER OR BYSTANDERS AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY. The photo on page 25 shows a shooter in the process of loading a Omega muzzle-loader. Study this photo carefully and read all the captions before you proceed to charge your Omega muzzleloader rifle. Before charging your Omega, open the action (swing the breech block down) by...
Disassembly And Cleaning Of Rifles And Plains Pistol
You must clean your rifle or pistol after each shooting session to prevent rust and corrosion from damaging the metal parts. The Lyman Great Plains Rifle, Trade Rifle, Deerstalker or Plains Pistol may be easily disassembled for cleaning by removing the ramrod, driving out the barrel wedge in the forearm, drawing the hammer to full cock and lifting the barrel muzzle first out of stock. The hooked breech will slip right out of the tang unit with no further disassembly needed. Of course, these...
A look Back, Guns and People Over The Years
We have seen a lot of change in firearms advancement and their use. Even the owners of this website have seen major changes in firearms and their application for sporting and war in our relatively short times. Keeping that in mind, it is always worth a look back at the rich past of our favorite tools. Testing of one of the early bullet proof vests. US Special Forces vet helping Rhodesia fight off the communists.
Calico M950
Last week I talked about the Goncz auto pistol. This time we will take a peak at the Calico. This one was one of the more radical ideas for the 1980s and one I handled quite a bit back in the day. The pistol fed from a helical mag attached to the top and ejected from the bottom. You could get them in 50 or 100 rounds. I didn't find it to be very handy or easy to use and not at all reliable. But it looked cool to a lot of people. They made some variants in .22 long rifle.
Japanese World War II Bolt Action Rifles
Japanese forces were equipped with the 6.5111m Type 38 rifle, Type 38 carbine, and Type 44 carbine for a long time prior to World War II and large quantities of these weapons were used throughout the war. The older 6.5mm Type 30 rifle and carbine were also frequently encountered during the war. After 1 heir experiences in China and Manchuria the Japanese decided they needed a heavier caliber rifle. They had adopted a 7.7111111 semi-rimmed cartridge for use in a heavy machine gun Type 92 in 1932...
J C Higgins Model Rifle
Higgins Model 33 slide-action rifle, introduced in 1955, is produced by the High Standard Mfg. Corp., Hamden, Conn., for sale by Sears, Roebuck amp Co. Of hammerless, tubular magazine construction, it shoots .22 long rifle, long, and short rimfire cartridges interchangeably, in both standard and high-velocity loadings. Magazine capacity is 25 short, 20 long, or 17 long rifle cartridges. The Model 33 weighs 5 lbs. 2 ozs. and has an over-all length of 4134. Barrel length is 23V . The...
Remington Model Rifle
Illustrations By DENNIS RIORDAN Text By LUDWIG OLSON Developed by the late John D. Ped-ersen, a noted U.S. arms designer, the Remington Model 12 .22 rimfire slide-action rifle was introduced in 1909. This concealed-hammer repeater with tubular magazine under the barrel is of takedown style and has a crossbolt safety in the trigger guard. Its simple reliable action is trim and compact, and is closed at the rear which helps protect the user from rearward escaping gas in the event of a burst...
Savage Model Combination Gun
The Stevens .22-.410 over-under combination rifle and shotgun was first offered in 1939 by the J. Stevens Arms Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Savage Arms Corp. This gun was chambered for the .22 long rifle cartridge and the 3 length of the .410 shotshell. Guns produced initially had walnut stocks and fore-ends, but stock assemblies of Tenite plastic were later made standard. During World War II the U. S. Air Force purchased 10,000 of these combination guns with Tenite stocks for issue to...
Bernardelli Model Pistol
Illustrations By DENNIS RIORDAN Text By LUDWIG OLSON Produced by the well-known firm of Vincenzo Bernardelli in Gardone V.T., Italy, the Bernardelli Model 60 semi-automatic pistol is designed for informal target shooting and self defense. This modern blowback-operated arm was introduced in 1959. It is made in .22 long rifle and .32 ACP calibers and was also formerly offered in cal. .380 ACP. The Model 60 is handsome and of simple construction. It has a V i barrel attached rigidly to a...
Colt Automatic Pistol
Text by LUDWIG OLSON Colt's of Hartford. Conn., is among the world's leading suppliers of .25 ACP pocket automatic pistols. Their first pistol of this type was developed by John M. Browning, the famous U.S. arms designer, and introduced in 1908. Approximately 500,000 of this excellent blowback-operated arm were produced. This pistol was discontinued in 1946. and Colt's did not re-enter the .25 ACP pocket pistol field until 1958 when they introduced the Junior...
N Pieper pistols
Nicolas Pieper was an inventor and manufacturer in Herstal, Belgium, who made pistols bearing his name and who took out patents on automatic pistols which were licensed to others. Henry Pieper, his father, was for many years a manufacturer of shotguns and revolvers. Upon his death, the firm Henry Pieper S.A. became the S.A. Anciens Etablissements Pieper generally known as A.E.P. and used the name Bayard as its trade mark or trade name. N. Pieper reportedly sold some of his patents to this firm...
The Forensic Aspects of Ballistics
Rifles and handguns have rifled barrels, that is, spiral grooves have been cut the length of the interior or bore of the barrel Figure 2.1 . Rifling consists of these grooves and the metal left between the grooves the lands see Figure 1.13 . The purpose of rifling is to impart a rotational spin to the bullet along its longitudinal axis. This gyroscopic effect stabilizes the bullet's flight through the air, preventing it from tumbling end over end. This spin does not, however, stabilize the...
Gunshot Wounds of the Brain
Gunshot wounds of the brain constitute approximately one-third of all fatal gunshot wounds. Wounds of the brain from centerfire rifles and shotguns are extremely devastating. Such injuries are described in Chapters 7 and 8. This section will deal with gunshot wounds of the brain caused by low-velocity weapons handguns and .22 rimfire rifles. When a bullet strikes the head, it punchesout acircular to oval woundof entrance in the skull, driving fragmentsof boneintothebrain. Thebone chips...
Penetrative powers of various types of ammunition
The penetration of various materials can be of great assistance in the investigation of shooting incidents. It is also of considerable general interest if for no other reason than to show how often the movie makers and novel writers make appalling blunders. In the past, one of the standard tests performed to assess bullet and cartridge performance was the penetration of pine boards of various thicknesses. This, as with any other type of penetration test, is plagued with inaccuracies.
Methods Used for Removal of Serial Numbers
It is often the case that stolen weapons will have the serial number obliterated in an attempt to hide the weapon 's origin. Methods of obliteration generally fall into the following categories This is simply removing the number by hand filing or grinding with a high-speed carborundum grinding wheel. This is often followed by polishing and then over-stamping with a new number. Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics Second Edition Brian J. Heard 2008 John Wiley amp Sons, Ltd. This merely involves...
M767a1 Fuze Pd Setting
M767A1 Feb 01. Electronic Time ET Fuze M767 Series is used with fragmentation HE loaded and burster type 105mm cartridges and 155 and 8-inch projectiles. The M767A1 fuze is not authorized for use with 8-inch projectiles. The fuze contains an electronic timing system that may be set to function from 0.5 to 199.9 seconds in increments of tenths of a second. When used with weapons equipped with auto-setters, the fuze will be automatically remote set prior to launch...
The Automated Fingerprint Identification System
In the early days of fingerprinting law-enforcement agencies began booking fingerprints taken from individuals arrested for crimes so that the records would be readily available. They also began to maintain leftover latent prints so that they might be compared with existing and future additions to the fingerprint files. The first law-enforcement agencies to develop fingerprint collections were large ones, such as the NYPD, LAPD, and FBI. These agencies sponsored rigorous research into how best...
The Matchlock
It is impossible to ascribe a definite date or a definite country of origin for the first Matchlock, the lock which mechanically carried the fire to the priming and tliereby made elementary gun sights practical. Like all mechanical devices of importance, once the principle was established, copies and improvements and variations appeared in tremendous numbers. Moreover, the time in which we first encounter the Matchlock was an epochal period in the development of military might. It was the...
Ma Standard Sights And Zeroing
Limited visiability and moving target ape limited visiability and moving target ape The larger aperture, marked 0-2, is used for moving target engagement and during limited visibility. The unmarked aperture is used for normal firing situations, zeroing, and with the elevation knob for target distances up to 800 meters. The unmarked aperture is used to establish the battlesight zero. After the elevation knob is set, adjustments for elevation are made by moving the front sight post up or down to...
San Tan Tactical , Hornady Mfg and Proof Research New 6ARC Advanced Rifle Cartridge STT-15-6ARC Rifles
CHANDLER, ARIZONA San Tan Tactical , Hornady Mfg and Proof Research have partnered up on the San Tan new 6ARC rifles. San Tan's innovative high quality firearm systems and unparalleled performance in combination with Hornady's New 6ARC round originally developed for a specialized group within the US DoD, and Proof Research premium carbon fiber barrels take the AR15 platform to a whole new level The Hornady 6ARC Round Hornady Mfg a leading ammunition manufacturer, provides world-class...
M14 Record Qualification
Night firing cerrtW thcuify fubrkutwd . d. The flasher assembly Is preset to control the manner to emit a flash of light every 4 seconds. Indicator lights mounted on the M3IAI in a This gives the firer five flashes for every target exposure. The mode of the flash may be set to either the single or rapid mode. 106. Qualification Scores and Ratings a. Qualification scores for rifle marksmanship are based on a possible 100 points and include 70 possible points for daylight aimed fire,...
Entrance Versus Exit Wounds Entrance Wounds
Most entrance wounds, no matter the range, are surrounded by a reddish, reddish-brown zone of abraded skin the abrasion ring Figure 4.16 . This is a rim of flattened, abraded epidermis, surrounding the entrance hole. Fresh entrance wounds have an abrasion ring with a moist, fleshy appearance. As the abrasion ring dries out, however, it assumes the more familiar appearance. Figure 4.16 A The bullet indents the skin, punching a hole through it and abrading the margins of the entrance wound in the...
Priming The Tc Encorem Muzzleloader
A WARNING DO NOT PRIME THE FIREARM UNTIL YOU ARE ACTUALLY READY TO FIRE AND YOU HAVE DOUBLE CHECKED TO ENSURE THAT THE RAMROD HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM THE BORE. THOMPSON CENTER DOES NOT RECOMMEND PRIMING THE FIREARM UNTIL THE INSTANT BEFORE FIRING. CARRYING A CHARGED, PRIMED ENCORE CAN BE DANGEROUS. ACCIDENTAL DISCHARGE IS A CONSTANT HAZARD WHICH, IF IT OCCURS, CAN CAUSE INJURY AND OR DEATH TO THE SHOOTER OR BYSTANDERS AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY. THE ONLY SAFE WAY TO GUARD AGAINST AN ACCIDENTAL...
Assembly Disassembly Of The Thunder Hawk
This ThunderHawk has four 4 basic parts groups 1. The Barrel and Receiver Assembly - This assembly is held in the stock by two stock screws one is located about 1 in front of the trigger guard and the other is the rear trigger guard screw. 2. The Stock Assembly - Molded composite material or wood. 3. The Striker Assembly - The striker assembly is housed in the receiver, under spring tension. It is secured by the large receiver end cap at the rear end of the receiver. 4. The Trigger Assembly -...
Adjusting Cast On and Cast Off
This adjustment allows you to achieve a perfect fit of the stock against your face. This is a most crucial adjustment, as it determines how correctly and consistently your eye will line up with the sight plane along the barrel rib. A Citori Plus correctly adjusted for cast on and cast off will have you looking directly down the center of the rib with the front and middle beads in alignment. Cast on and off is not affected by any changes in point of impact made at the rib. To adjust cast on and...
Adjusting Point of Impact
BEFORE PERFORMING THESE AND ANY ADJUSTMENTS, ALWAYS MAKE CERTAIN THERE ARE NO SHELLS IN THE CHAMBERS. Point of impact is detenuined by patterning a shotgun and determining the relationship between where you were aiming and where the actual center of the pattern is. The Citori Plus comes preset with point of impact approximately 6 above the point of aim at -iO yards. Point of impact above the actual aiming point allows you to keep the clay bird in view constantly just above the ril gt as you...
M4 Trigger Assembly
Hammer Assembly M16A2 9349106, M4 9390032, and M4A1 8448610. 9349107 8448611 9349109 9349108 9390031 9349110 8448612 M16A2 9349106, M4 9390032, AND M4A1 8448610 FIG C-13 HAMMER ASSEMBLY SPRING, HELICAL, TORS HAMMER MI6A2 AND SPRING, HELICAL, TORS M4A1 SPRING, HELICAL, TORS BURST CAM M16A2 AND CAM, BURST M16A2 BLACK CAM, CONTROL M4 NICKEL SHINY HAMMER AND HAMMER P PIN RETAINER ASSEMBLY MI6A2 AND M4 HAMMER, FIRING, SMALL M4A1 Figure C-14. Trigger Assembly M16A2 9349115, M4 12972697,...
M4 Lower Receiver Assembly
Upper Receiver and Barrel Assembly M16A2 9349050, and M4 and M4A1 12972680. TM9-1005-319-23LP 3 4 5 DESCRIPTION AND USABLE ON CODE UOC GROUP 03 UPPER RECEIVER AND BARREL ASSEMBLY M16A2 9349050, M4 AND M4A1 12972680 FIG. C-6. UPPER RECEIVER AND BARREL ASSEMBLY RECEIVER ASSEMBLY RECEIVER ASSY M4 AND HANDGUARD ASSEMBLY GUARD,HAND,GUN M4 AND TUBE,BENT,METALLIC TUBE,BENT,METALLIC M4 AND M4A1 BARREL ASSEMBLY BARREL AND FRONT SI SIGHT ASSEMBLY, REPLACEMENT M4 AND SHIM PIN,SPRING ,GAS...
Encore Prohunter Appendix
This appendix is a supplement to the information provided in the preceeding Thompson Center Encore Magnum Muzzleloader Safety and Instruction Manual. The appendix applies to the specific differences in operation for the Speed Breech and the Swing Hammer . Use amp Care of the Thompson Center Encore Pro-Hunter Speed Breech System The Encore Pro-Hunter Muzzleloader barrel is equipped with a Speed Breech breech plug system and a rotating extractor for convenience in unloading and cleaning. It...
Revolver Blueprint
Part 10 Spirals-Left and Right Twist a. OD - 1.110 .005 ID -.2812 min .3020 max Length - 2.0 each or use 4 pieces 1 long Pitch - .25 one turn in .25 Table angle for milling cutter 86 Fin depth depth of cut-.30 .010 Core OD - .50 .020 Fin thickness- .075 .078-.003 Fin spaces- .175 wide .172 .003 Bleed holes- 28 holes,four rows of seven each per spiral.Hole dia -.125 Note Before attempting final assembly, check the fit and finish on all parts. a. Assembly i. Parts 6-14 should slide freely into...
Belted Cartridge Case
Location of Rim and Head Measurements 3 Country and Year of Manufacture a. The first step in determining the country of manufacture or, in some instances, for whoa the cartridge was manufactured is to examine the headstamp to ascertain the principal identification element* For the majority of headstamps one or more letters of the Western alphabet will be present these are often, but not invariably, the manufacturer's or producer's mark.
Caching your Guns for a Civil War Parts I-IV
Our Friend Kevin passed away early 2017. Hognose, as he was known to his many admirers was the owner and writer of weaponsman.com. We repost his greatest hits here in an ongoing tribute and effort to save his work should the website go dark. Caching your Guns for a Civil War, Parts I and II Many people are talking about the possibility of a civil war. Some people are acting as if one is going to happen. The intersection between those sets is almost zero.